Avaliação dos níveis de vitamina D [25(OH)D] e de paratormônio [PTH] e cálcio iônico [Cai] no sagui do cerrado (Callithrix penicillata - E. Geoffroy, 1812 - Primates) em habitat natural

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2012.A forma ativa da vitamina D, calcitriol, é um hormônio com papéis importantes no controle do metabolismo ósseo e mineral dos vertebrados e para a manutenção da homeostase sistêmica. Contudo, a reserva de calcitriol é avaliada pela dosagem do pré-hormônio calcidiol, (25(OHD). Neste estudo, foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas de 25-hidroxi-vitamina (25(OH)D) em Callithrix penicillata, de vida livre, pertencentes a duas áreas de conservação na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, Estação Ecológica Jardim Botânico de Brasília e Fazenda Agua Limpa – UnB. Os objetivos deste estudo foram (a) reconhecer as concentrações de 25 (OH) D, do hormônio da paratireoide (PTH) e cálcio sérico ionizado (Cai) do Callithrix penicillata de vida livre, (b) comparar estes valores com os níveis de 25 (OH) D encontrados e (c) propor valores de referência para a espécie estudada. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 15 animais silvestres. 25 (OH) D e PTH foram medidas utilizando o método de quimioluminescência e Cai utilizando o método ISE (Indirect Ion-selective electrode methodology). Como ambos os grupos apresentaram valores semelhantes para as substâncias analisadas em relação ao sexo, idade e local de origem, todos os animais foram agrupados e analisados como um único grupo. Os níveis séricos médios observados (± desvio padrão) foram: 25 (OH) D, 61,7, (±20,8)ng/mL; PTH, 275,2 (± 34,1) pg / mL; Cai 4,0 (± 0,6) mg / dL. Os concentrações de 25 (OH) D foram inferiores aos encontrados em cativeiro. A partir deste estudo e utilizando precisão estatística e medidas de precisão, propomos que, para saguis de vida livre, os valores fisiológicos de 25 (OH) D e PTH são 20,1-103,3 ng / mL e 207,0-343,3 pg / dL, respectivamente, com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, is a secosteroid hormone with important roles in the control of bone and mineral metabolism of vertebrates and for the maintenance of systemic homeostasis. In this study it was evaluated serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels [25(OH)D] of free-living Callithrix penicillata (New World monkeys also known as black-tufted marmosets), belonging to two different conservation areas in Midwest Region of Brazil. The aims of this study were (a) to recognize the 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ionized calcium serum (iCa) levels of free-ranging black-tufted marmosets, (b) to compare their 25(OH)D levels with the ones found among captivity-raised callitrichids and (c) to propose reference ranges for those analytes for wild marmosets. Blood samples were collected from 15 wild animals. 25(OH)D and PTH were measured using a chemiluminescence method and iCa by ion-selective electrode methodology. As both groups presented similar behavior for those analytes in relation to sex, age and place of origin, all animals were pooled and analyzed as a single group. The observed mean serum levels (± Standard Deviation) were: 25(OH)D, 61.7 (± 20.8) ng/mL; PTH, 275.2 (± 34.1) pg/mL; iCai 4.0 (± 0.6) mg/dL. 25(OH)D levels were lower than the ones found for captivity-raised Callithrix penicillata in a previous study of our group. From this study and using statistical precision and accuracy measures, it is proposed that, for free living marmosets, the physiological range of 25(OH)D is 20.1-103.3 ng/mL and of PTH 207.0- 343.3 pg/dL, with a confidence interval of 95%

Níveis de 25 (OH) vitamina D entre primatas de espécie Callithrix penicillata, expostos e não expostos a luz solar

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2008.Dependendo das condições de infra-estrutura local, primatas que vivem em cativeiro podem ter diferentes freqüências de exposição à luz solar. Este fato é importante, uma vez que os raios ultravioletas desempenham papel importante na ativação da vitamina D, a qual é essencial à manutenção da qualidade óssea dos vertebrados e nos seres humanos participa ativamente da regulação de vários aspectos metabólicos, como competência imunológica e proteção contra doenças auto-imunes e alguns tipos de câncer. Neste estudo participaram os animais do Centro Nacional de Primatas (Pará), os quais por viverem em galpões totalmente cobertos em sua parte superior não recebem a incidência de luz solar, ou a recebem apenas no início e término do dia; e animais do Centro de Pesquisa da Universidade de Brasília (Distrito Federal), que tem em seu recinto uma área descoberta, possibilitando assim, maior acesso dos animais aos raios solares. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar a concentração de 25(OH) vitamina D sérica presente nos dois grupos de animais, estudar se há correlação entre os valores de 25(OH)D obtidos com o gênero ou com a intensidade de exposição solar; reconhecer valores de base da 25(OH) vitamina D para esta espécie para se construir uma curva de normalidade. Os resultados foram transferidos para o programa estatístico SPSS, versão 13 e correlacionados entre si. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos distintos de acordo com a disposição dos mesmos em relação aos raios solares: o grupo A, representado por 29 animais que recebiam contato direto dos raios solares em todo o período do dia (manhã e tarde); o grupo B, composto com 34 animais fazendo parte dos animais que apresentavam uma exposição limitada ao sol, ou seja, apenas nas primeiras horas do dia e nas últimas horas da tarde; o grupo C, composto por 21 animais, que por estarem na área voltada para a parte interna dos galpões não recebiam nenhum tipo de contato com a luz solar. A análise comparativa dos níveis de 25(OH)D dos três grupos (sem exposição ao sol, exposição limitada e com exposição plena ao sol) mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Entre os níveis de 25(OH)D do grupo de indivíduos sem exposição ao sol (grupo 3) e com exposição ao sol (grupo 1) (p< 0, 001) e entre os grupos sem exposição ao sol (grupo 3) e com exposição limitada ao sol (grupo 2) (p<0,001). Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com exposição normal (grupo 1) e exposição limitada ao sol (grupo 2) (p=0,605). Quando comparados o gênero dos animais, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nem em relação aos grupos e nem em relação ao conjunto de animais como um todo. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTPrimates in captivity, depending on the local infrastructure, may be subject to different periods of exposure to sunlight. This is an important fact since the ultraviolet rays have an important function in the vitamin D activation. Vitamin D is essential for de maintenance of the bone health and, in human beings takes an active part on the regulation of various metabolic functions as, for example, in immunologic defenses and in the protection against autoimmune disorders and cancer. In the present study were included primates originating from National Primates Center (Para) and from the Primates Research Center of Brasilia (DF). In the former center, the installations for housing these simian are completely covered not allowing any exposure to sunlight or warranting, during few morning or afternoon hours, only a partial exposure. In contrast, in the Primates Research Center of Brasilia the simians are housed in habitats providing open areas that allow an unrestricted exposure to sun. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in both simian groups and correlate the vitamin D concentrations found with the degree of sunlight exposure and with the simian genre and to establish a curve of normal values for animals in captivity. Three groups of simians were formed: group 1 with 29 animals, with unlimited exposure to sun; group 2 with 34 animals, with partial exposure to sunlight; and group 3 with 21 animals with null access to sunlight. Blood samples were obtained from the 84 simians and 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations were determined utilizing (kit e fabricante). Statistical analysis was performed using the soft SPSS, version 13. The difference in 25(OH)D blood levels between group 3 (null exposure to sun) and group 1 (partial exposure to sun) showed p value of <0,001. The difference between group 3 and group 2 (with partial exposure to sun) showed a p value of <0,001. No significant statistical difference was observed between the group with unlimited exposure to sun (group 1) and group with partial exposure (group 2) (p=0,605) and also between the genres

Frozen blood clots can be used for the diagnosis of distinct Plasmodium species in man and non‑human primates from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

2019 - Correction to: Frozen blood clots can be used for the diagnosis of distinct Plasmodium species in man and non-human primates from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest - Following publication of the original article [1], it was flagged that one of the authors (Anielle de Pina Costa) is missing an affiliation in the article. Please note the author Anielle de Pina Costa also has this affiliation: Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis/RJ, 25964-004, Brazil. The author apologizes for this error. DOI 10.1186/s12936-019-2804-0Submitted by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-01-14T11:05:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Abreu_Filipe_etal_INI_2018.pdf: 1051281 bytes, checksum: cf21d2a27339575c74c45f5e1f0d09dc (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-01-14T13:27:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Abreu_Filipe_etal_INI_2018.pdf: 1051281 bytes, checksum: cf21d2a27339575c74c45f5e1f0d09dc (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-14T13:27:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Abreu_Filipe_etal_INI_2018.pdf: 1051281 bytes, checksum: cf21d2a27339575c74c45f5e1f0d09dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro,RJ, Brazil / Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, MG, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul. Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.Universidade de Brasília. Faculdade de Agronomia e Veterinárias. Brasília, DF, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Background: Zoonotic infections with epidemic potential, as non-human primate malaria and yellow fever (YF), can overlap geographically. Optimizing a small blood sample for diagnosis and surveillance is of great importance. Blood are routinely collected for YF diagnosis and blood clots usually discarded after serum obtention. Aiming to take sample advantage, the sensitivity of a PCR using extracted DNA from long-term frozen clots from human and non-human primates for detection of Plasmodium spp. in low parasitaemia conditions was assayed. Results: Malaria diagnosis with DNA extracted from blood clots generated results in agreement with samples obtained with whole blood, including mixed Plasmodium vivax/simium and Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum infections. Conclusion: Blood clots from human and non-human primates may be an important and low cost source of DNA for malaria surveillance in the Atlantic Forest

Serological Evidence of Orthopoxvirus Infection in Neotropical Primates in Brazil

The genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) of the family Poxviridae comprises several viruses that are capable of infecting a wide range of hosts. One of the most widespread OPXVs is the Vaccinia virus (VACV), which circulates in zoonotic cycles in South America, especially in Brazil, infecting domestic and wild animals and humans and causing economic losses as well as impacting public health. Despite this, little is known about the presence and/or exposure of neotropical primates to orthopoxviruses in the country. In this study, we report the results of a search for evidence of OPVX infections in neotropical free-living primates in the state of Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The sera or liver tissues of 63 neotropical primates were examined through plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) and real-time PCR. OPXV-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in two sera (4.5%) from Callithrix penicillata, showing 55% and 85% reduction in plaque counts, evidencing their previous exposure to the virus. Both individuals were collected in urban areas. All real-time PCR assays were negative. This is the first time that evidence of OPXV exposure has been detected in C. penicillata, a species that usually lives at the interface between cities and forests, increasing risks of zoonotic transmissions through spillover/spillback events. In this way, studies on the circulation of OPXV in neotropical free-living primates are necessary, especially now, with the monkeypox virus being detected in new regions of the planet

Howler monkeys are the reservoir of malarial parasites causing zoonotic infections in the Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro.

BACKGROUND:Although malaria cases have substantially decreased in Southeast Brazil, a significant increase in the number of Plasmodium vivax-like autochthonous human cases has been reported in remote areas of the Atlantic Forest in the past few decades in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state, including an outbreak during 2015-2016. The singular clinical and epidemiological aspects in several human cases, and collectively with molecular and genetic data, revealed that they were due to the non-human primate (NHP) parasite Plasmodium simium; however, the understanding of the autochthonous malarial epidemiology in Southeast Brazil can only be acquired by assessing the circulation of NHP Plasmodium in the foci and determining its hosts. METHODOLOGY:A large sampling effort was carried out in the Atlantic forest of RJ and its bordering states (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Espírito Santo) for collecting and examining free-living NHPs. Blood and/or viscera were analyzed for Plasmodium infections via molecular and microscopic techniques. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:In total, 146 NHPs of six species, from 30 counties in four states, were tested, of which majority were collected from RJ. Howler monkeys (Alouatta clamitans) were the only species found infected. In RJ, 26% of these monkeys tested positive, of which 17% were found to be infected with P. simium. Importantly, specific single nucleotide polymorphisms-the only available genetic markers that differentiate P. simium from P. vivax-were detected in all P. simium infected A. clamitans despite their geographical origin of malarial foci. Interestingly, 71% of P. simium infected NHPs were from the coastal slope of a mountain chain (Serra do Mar), where majority of the human cases were found. Plasmodium brasilianum/malariae was initially detected in 14% and 25% free-living howler monkeys in RJ and in the Espírito Santo (ES) state, respectively. Moreover, the malarial pigment was detected in the spleen fragments of 50% of a subsample comprising dead howler monkeys in both RJ and ES. All NHPs were negative for Plasmodium falciparum. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:Our data indicate that howler monkeys act as the main reservoir for the Atlantic forest human malarial parasites in RJ and other sites in Southeast Brazil and reinforce its zoonotic characteristics

Real-Time Genomic Surveillance during the 2021 Re-Emergence of the Yellow Fever Virus in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

The 2021 re-emergence of yellow fever in non-human primates in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southernmost Brazil, resulted in the death of many howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) and led the state to declare a Public Health Emergency of State Importance, despite no human cases reported. In this study, near-complete genomes of yellow fever virus (YFV) recovered from the outbreak were sequenced and examined aiming at a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and the spatio-temporal dynamics of the virus distribution. Our results suggest that the most likely sequence of events involved the reintroduction of YFV from the state of São Paulo to RS through the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, by the end of 2020. These findings reinforce the role of genomic surveillance in determining the pathways of distribution of the virus and in providing references for the implementation of preventive measures for populations in high risk areas

Survey on Non-Human Primates and Mosquitoes Does not Provide Evidences of Spillover/Spillback between the Urban and Sylvatic Cycles of Yellow Fever and Zika Viruses Following Severe Outbreaks in Southeast Brazil

International audienceIn the last decade, Flaviviruses such as yellow fever (YFV) and Zika (ZIKV) have expanded their transmission areas. These viruses originated in Africa, where they exhibit both sylvatic and interhuman transmission cycles. In Brazil, the risk of YFV urbanization has grown, with the sylvatic transmission approaching the most densely populated metropolis, while concern about ZIKV spillback to a sylvatic cycle has risen. To investigate these health threats, we carried out extensive collections and arbovirus screening of 144 free-living, non-human primates (NHPs) and 5219 mosquitoes before, during, and after ZIKV and YFV outbreaks (2015–2018) in southeast Brazil. ZIKV infection was not detected in any NHP collected at any time. In contrast, current and previous YFV infections were detected in NHPs sampled between 2017 and 2018, but not before the onset of the YFV outbreak. Mosquito pools screened by high-throughput PCR were positive for YFV when captured in the wild and during the YFV outbreak, but were negative for 94 other arboviruses, including ZIKV, regardless of the time of collection. In conclusion, there was no evidence of YFV transmission in coastal southeast Brazil before the current outbreak, nor the spread or establishment of an independent sylvatic cycle of ZIKV or urban Aedes aegypti transmission of YFV in the region. In view of the region’s receptivity and vulnerability to arbovirus transmission, surveillance of NHPs and mosquitoes should be strengthened and continuous