Why surplus structure is not superfluous

The idea that gauge theory has `surplus' structure poses a puzzle: in one much discussed sense, this structure is redundant; but on the other hand, it is also widely held to play an essential role in the theory. In this paper, we employ category-theoretic tools to illuminate an aspect of this puzzle. We precisify what is meant by `surplus' structure by means of functorial comparisons with equivalence classes of gauge fields, and then show that such structure is essential for any theory that represents a rich collection of physically relevant fields which are `local' in nature

Homological perspective on edge modes in linear Yang–Mills and Chern–Simons theory

We provide an elegant homological construction of the extended phase space for linear Yang-Mills theory on an oriented and time-oriented Lorentzian manifold M with a time-like boundary @M that was proposed by Donnelly and Freidel [JHEP 1609, 102 (2016)]. This explains and formalizes many of the rather ad hoc constructions for edge modes appearing in the theoretical physics literature. Our construction also applies to linear Chern-Simons theory, in which case we obtain the extended phase space introduced by Geiller

The Meskhidze-Weatherall theory in context

We situate a recent theory of non-relativistic torsionful gravity developed by Meskhidze and Weatherall (2023) within the context of the broader philosophical and physics literature; we also discuss the philosophical significance of that theory

The Meskhidze-Weatherall theory in context

We situate a recent theory of non-relativistic torsionful gravity developed by Meskhidze and Weatherall (2023) within the context of the broader philosophical and physics literature; we also discuss the philosophical significance of that theory

A kit-based aluminium-[18F]fluoride approach to radiolabelled microbubbles

The production of 18F-labelled microbubbles (MBs) via the aluminium-[18F]fluoride ([18F]AlF) radiolabelling method and facile inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) ‘click’ chemistry is reported. An [18F]AlF-NODA-labelled tetrazine was synthesised in excellent radiochemical yield (>95% RCY) and efficiently conjugated to a trans¬-cyclooctene (TCO) functionalised phospholipid (40-50% RCY), which was incorporated into MBs (40-50% RCY). To demonstrate the potential of producing 18F-labelled MBs for clinical studies, we also describe a kit-based approach which is amenable for use in a hospital radiopharmacy setting

Complex controls on nitrous oxide flux across a large elevation gradient in the tropical Peruvian Andes

Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the agencies that funded this research; the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC; joint grant references NE/H006583, NE/H007849 and NE/H006753). Patrick Meir was supported by an Australian Research Council Fellowship (FT110100457). Javie Eduardo Silva Espejo, Walter Huaraca Huasco and the ABIDA NGO provided critical fieldwork and logistical support. Angus Calder (University of St.Andrews) and Vicky Munro (University of Aberdeen) provided invaluable laboratory support. Thanks to Adrian Tejedor from the Amazon Conservation Association, who provided assistance with site access and site selection at Hacienda Villa Carmen. This publication is a contribution from the Scottish Alliance for Geoscience, Environment and Society (http://www.sages.ac.uk).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Non-Spine Bone Metastases

Bone metastases are a common clinical problem, affecting many types of cancer patients. The presence of tumor in bone can cause significant morbidity including pain, neurological dysfunction, hypercalcemia, and pathological fracture leading to functional loss. The optimal treatment of a patient with bone metastases depends on many factors, including evaluation of the patient's goals of care, performance status, mechanical stability of the affected bone, life expectancy, and overall extent of disease. Treatment options may include radiotherapy, systemic therapies, surgical stabilization, medical pain management, and radiopharmaceuticals. Ideal management of bone metastases requires a coordinated multidisciplinary approach among diagnostic radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, orthopedic surgeons, pain specialists, physiatrists, and palliative care specialists. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria? are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed every 3 years by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guidelines development and review include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journals and the application of a well-established consensus methodology (modified Delphi) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures by the panel. In those instances where evidence is lacking or not definitive, expert opinion may be used to recommend imaging or treatment.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140118/1/jpm.2014.9395.pd