A method for the reduction of aerodynamic drag of road vehicles

A method is proposed for the reduction of the aerodynamic drag of bluff bodies, particularly for application to road transport vehicles. This technique consists of installation of panels on the forward surface of the vehicle facing the airstream. With the help of road tests, it was demonstrated that the attachment of proposed panels can reduce aerodynamic drag of road vehicles and result in significant fuel cost savings and conservation of energy resources

Terdiurnal Oscillations in OH Meinel Rotational Temperatures for Fall Conditions at Northern Mid-latitude Sites

High‐precision (∼0.5 K) measurements of OH Meinel (M) (6,2) rotational temperatures above the Bear Lake Observatory, UT (42°N, 112°W) during October 1996 have revealed an interesting and unexpected mean nocturnal pattern. Ten quality nights (\u3e100 h) of data have been used to form a mean night for autumnal, near‐equinoctial conditions. The mean temperature and RMS variability associated with this mean night were 203 ± 5 K and 2.4 K, respectively, and compare very favorably with expectations based on Na‐lidar measurements of mean tidal temperature perturbations over Urbana, IL (40°N, 88°W) during the fall 1996. Furthermore, this comparison shows that the 8‐h tide was the dominant source of the mean nocturnal temperature variability in the OH M region during this period. Additional data, obtained at Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W) in November 1997, illustrate the occurrence of an 8‐h component of OH temperature variability about two months after the equinox and show that daily amplitudes as high as ≅15 K are possible

The Effect of Illegal Harvest on Recreational Fisheries

Abstract.-The degree of compliance with a fishing regulation can have a significant impact on the regulation's effectiveness. In this paper, we use a yield-per-recruit simulation model to evaluate the effect of poaching on legal harvest in sport fisheries. Two types of illegal harvest were considered: harvest of fish below the legal size limit and harvest of fish from catch-and-release fisheries. The results depict the degree of reduction in legal harvest in minimum-size fisheries with 0-100% (in 10% increments) illegal harvest. For brook trout Salvelinusfontinalis, the reduction in legal harvest ranged from 11% at 10% illegal harvest to 72% at 100% illegal harvest; these reductions ranged from 10 to 66% for northern pike Esox Indus, 8 to 57% for brown trout Salmo trutta. and 2 to 22% for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. In catch-and-release fisheries, illegal harvest reduces the number offish caught and released. Most of the benefits of catch-and-release regulations, in terms of increased numbers and sizes of fish, are lost when approximately 20% of large-sized fish (i.e., fish that would be legal in a minimum-size fishery) are harvested illegally. When all sizes of fish that can be caught by the fishing gear are illegally harvested, the benefits of the catch-andrelease regulation are lost when illegal harvest reaches approximately 15%. Since Swingle's (1950) early research on balance in fish populations, fishery managers have realized the importance of size structure offish populations in producing good yields of sport fish. The key to providing balanced fish populations lies in maintaining sufficient numbers of larger-sized fish because these individuals are the effective predators and reproducers. Because anglers are generally interested in catching these large fish, balanced fish populations can usually only be achieved through regulations (e.g., creel limits, size limits, restrictions on gear, and seasons) that control the sport harvest. One of the most common regulations imposed on anglers is the minimum-size limit, which requires anglers to release fish below a specified size that they may otherwise have harvested. One of the premises of releasing undersized fish is that the fish will survive and contribute to the fishery by being available for harvest at a larger size. According to Even the best regulations will be inadequate if illegal harvest is too great. Noncompliance with regulations, whether they are minimum-size restrictions or specialized catch-and-release regulations, could block the goal of providing larger fish for recreational fishing. For this reason, fishery managers need an understanding of the effect that noncompliance with regulations can have on recreational fisheries. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of a yield-per-recruit simulation model for evaluating the effect of illegal harvest (poaching) on the four specific sport fisheries described and modeled by Methods The biological model for estimates offish abundance used in this paper was described in detail b

Large Amplitude Perturbations in Mesospheric OH Meinel and 87-km Na Lidar Temperatures Around the Autumnal Equinox

Two high‐precision CEDAR instruments, an OH Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (MTM) and a Na Temperature Lidar, have been used to investigate seasonal variability in the mid‐latitude temperature at ∼87 km altitude over the western USA. Here we report the observation of a large perturbation in mesospheric temperature that occurs shortly after the autumnal equinox in close association with the penetration of planetary‐wave energy from the troposphere into the mesosphere. This perturbation has been observed on three occasions and exhibits a departure of up to ∼25–30 K from the nominal seasonal trend during a disturbed period of ∼2 weeks. Such behavior represents a dramatic transient departure from the seasonal trend expected on the basis of current empirical models. These novel results coupled with a recent TIME‐GCM modeling study [Liu et al., 2000] provide important insight into the role of planetary waves in mesospheric variability during the equinox periods

NSNFP Activities in Support of Repository Licensing for Disposal of DOE SNF

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management is in the process of preparing the Yucca Mountain license application for submission to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as the nation’s first geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level waste. Because the DOE SNF will be part of the license application, there are various components of the license application that will require information relative to the DOE SNF. The National Spent Nuclear Fuel Program (NSNFP) is the organization that directs the research, development, and testing of treatment, shipment, and disposal technologies for all DOE SNF. This report documents the work activities conducted by the NSNFP and discusses the relationship between these NSNFP technical activities and the license application. A number of the NSNFP activities were performed to provide risk insights and understanding of DOE SNF disposal as well as to prepare for anticipated questions from the regulatory agency

Status Report: Identification of Appropriate Standards for Corrective Action for a Release from Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks, Volume 1

This study was undertaken to address the removal and closure of defective petroleum underground storage tanks in Kentucky: To address standards for levels of contamination requiring corrective action consistent with accepted scientific and technical principles. To recommend a matrix or scoring system to be used for (a) ranking sites as to actual or potential harm to human health and the environment caused by a release of petroleum from a petroleum storage tank, and (b) establishing standards and procedures for corrective action that shall adequately protect human health and the environment. To address all compounds individually and collectively known as petroleum. To produce a report that shall be scientifically defensible

Kentucky UST Field Manual

This study was undertaken to address the removal and closure of defective petroleum underground storage tanks in Kentucky. Goals for the study included: To address standards for levels of contamination requiring corrective action consistent with accepted scientific and technical principles. To recommend a matrix or scoring system to be used for (a) ranking sites as to actual or potential harm to human health and the environment caused by release of petroleum from a petroleum storage tank, and (2) establishing standards and procedures for corrective action that shall adequately protect human health and the environment. To address all compounds individually and collectively known as petroleum. To produce a report that shall be scientifically defensible