Multiplier in BL-algebras

Abstract In this paper, we introduce the notion of multiplier in -algebra and study relationships between multipliers and some special mappings, likeness closure operators, homomorphisms and ( , -derivations in -algebras. We introduce the concept of idempotent multipliers in BL-algebra and weak congruence and obtain an interconnection between idempotent multipliers and weak congruences. Also, we introduce the special multiplier and study some properties. Finally, we show that if is a boolean algebra, then the set of all multipliers of is a -algebra under some conditions

Surgical Decompression of Thoracic Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament through Posterior Approach: A Case Report

Thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a rare condition that is mainlyaccompanied by cervical OPLL or ossification of thoracic ligamentum flavum. In case of causing neurologicalmanifestations, it is preferred to treat the condition surgically. Several surgical procedures were introduced,including anterior, posterior, or combined approaches. Laminectomy with instrumented fusion is the mostpopular procedure utilized via the posterior approach. A 32-year-old obese woman, who suffered from backpain and weakness in both lower extremities for one month, was referred to our spine outpatient clinic. Imagingrevealed lower thoracic OPLL (T7/T8 & T8/T9 & T9/T10). The posterior longitudinal ligament had a mixedossification pattern (beaked and continuing cylindrical). To maintain thoracic spine stability and prevent futurekyphosis, we performed laminectomy and long segment fixation (T7 to T12). The post-operative neurologicalexamination revealed a considerable increase in muscle strength and significant pain relief

Arsenic in complex orebodies

There is an increasing trend in the extraction and development of copper resources from complex deposits. The complex deposits pose mineral processing challenges, as they often contain low grade copper ore, relatively large quantity of clay minerals, complex texture, very fine disseminated ore, high amount of pyrite, and high level of impurity elements such as arsenic. With the amount of arsenic in concentrates increasing and with environment, occupational health and safety regulations becoming more restrict, there is a need for a processing method that results in no arsenic emissions and captures all arsenic while immobilizing it in a compound that is stable under a wide range of conditions, so it is suitable for long-term disposal. Some development work has been undertaken to examine the most effective arsenic treatment option for complex orebodies that contain arsenic, but a technically robust and economically viable option has not yet been developed. Previous research has demonstrated the possibility of separating arsenic-copper sulphides from other copper minerals by controlling the potential of the flotation pulp in the single mineral systems. The selective flotation of enargite from copper sulphides in a real complex ore system was studied by Tayebi-Khorami (2016), which is summarised in this paper

How efficient are metal‐polymer and dual‐metals‐polymer non‐lead radiation shields?

Abstract Introduction Lead shields are often used to attenuate ionising radiations. However, to make lighter, recyclable and more efficient shields compared to lead, combinations of new metallic compounds together with polymer, for example, flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been developed recently. In this study, the capabilities of non‐lead radiation shields made of one or two metallic compounds and polymer were evaluated. Methods Monte Carlo (MC)‐based BEAMnrc code was used to build a functional model based on a Philips X‐ray machine in the range of radiographic energies. The MC model was then verified by IPEM Report 78 as a standardised global reference. The MC model was then used to evaluate the efficiency of non‐lead‐based garments made of metallic compound and polymer (MCP) including BaSO4‐PVC, Bi2O3‐PVC, Sn‐PVC and W‐PVC, as well as dual‐metallic compounds and polymer (DMCP) including Bi2O3‐BaSO4‐PVC, Bi2O3‐Sn‐PVC, W‐Sn‐PVC and W‐BaSO4‐PVC. The absorbed doses were determined at the surface of a water phantom and compared directly with the doses obtained for 0.5 mm pure lead (Pb). Results Bi2O3‐BaSO4‐PVC and W‐BaSO4‐PVC were found to be efficient shields for most of the energies. In addition to the above radiation shields, Bi2O3‐Sn‐PVC was also found to be effective for the spectrum of 60 keV. Bi2O3‐BaSO4‐PVC as a non‐lead dual metals‐PVC shield was shown to be more efficient than pure lead in diagnostic X‐ray range. Conclusion Combination of two metals‐PVC, a low atomic number (Z) metal together with a high atomic number metal, and also single‐metal‐PVC shields were shown to be efficient enough to apply as radiation protection shields instead of lead‐based garments

Some Unitary Operators on Hoop-algebras

In this paper, we introduce the notions of multiplier, ⊙-closure operator and modal operator on hoop-algebras. After that, we investigate some algebraic properties of multiplier, ⊙-closure operator and modal operator on hoop-algebras. Then we study relationships between multiplier and closure operator on hoop-algebras showing that, any monotone modal operator on hoop-algebra serves as a closure operator. Finally we represent image of hoop-algebra under the closure operator can be a hoop-algebra

Relating the mineralogical characteristics of Tampakan ore to enargite separation

The mineralogical characteristics of enargite-bearing copper ores from the Tampakan deposit have been investigated as the means to understanding the separation of enargite from other copper sulphides (chalcopyrite and bornite). It was found that a separation of these minerals was possible after grinding the ore samples to a P of 90 microns; enargite tends to be ground more readily than the other copper sulphide minerals present in ore samples tested, and consequently, it mostly reported to the fine size fractions

Prediction of the penetration rate of tbm using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)

Rate of penetration of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) has a significant role in the planning, measurement of productivity and performance of any tunneling project. In this paper, the application of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in prediction of TBM penetration rate is evaluated. For this purpose, a database including Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Uni-axial Compressive Strength (UCS) of the rock, the Distance between Planes of Weakness (DPW) in the rock mass, and empirical data regarding rate of penetration of TBM from several tunneling projects are collected. The Rate of Penetration is then estimated by using ANFIS. These results are then compared with measured TBM penetration rates (actual data). It is concluded that ANFIS can be applied successfully for such purpose and result in high accuracy for prediction for the rate of penetration of TBM. The method provided in this paper can assist the mining engineer to estimate the performance of tunneling accurately

Re-Thinking Mining Waste Through an Integrative Approach Led by Circular Economy Aspirations

Mining wastes, particularly in the form of waste rocks and tailings, can have major social and environmental impacts. There is a need for comprehensive long-term strategies for transforming the mining industry to move toward zero environmental footprint. “How can the mining industry create new economic value, minimise its social and environmental impacts and diminish liability from mining waste?„ This would require cross-disciplinary skills, across the social, environmental, technical, legal, regulatory, and economic domains, to produce innovative solutions. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge across these domains and integrate them in a new approach for exploiting or “re-thinking„ mining wastes. This approach includes five key areas of social dimensions, geoenvironmental aspects, geometallurgy specifications, economic drivers and legal implications for improved environmental outcomes, and circular economy aspirations, which are aligned with the 10 principles of the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). Applying circular economy thinking to mining waste presents a major opportunity to reduce the liability and increase the value of waste materials arising from mining and processing operations

Abductor Pollicis Brevis/Abductor Digiti Minimi Compound Muscle Action Potential Ratio as a Diagnostic Marker for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Background: We aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of abductor pollicis brevis/abductor digiti minimi compound muscle action potentials (APB/ADM CMAP) ratio as an indicator of split hand phenomenon in the differentiation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients from healthy controls. Objectives: To assess diagnostic utility of APB/ADM CMAP ratio as an indicator split hand phenomenon in differentiation of ALS patients from healthy controls. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted at Alzahra and Kashani hospitals of Isfahan, Iran, in 2021. The study population consisted of all patients with definite diagnoses of ALS who had undergone electrophysiological studies within the previous 5 years. APB/ADM CMAP ratio was calculated in both groups based on right/left hand and below/ over 50 years of age. The statistical analysis also evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the APB/ ADM amplitude ratio. Results: A total of 200 ALS patients and 200 healthy controls were evaluated. APB/ADM ratios of the right hand in the controls and patients were 1.27±0.71 and 1.27±1.69 (P=0.961), while in the left hand, these figures were 1.30±0.54 and 1.11±0.97, respectively (P=0.018). Analysis based on age group revealed a significant difference in the APB/ADM amplitude ratio in the left hand of individuals younger than 50. The cut-off points of 0.81 (sensitivity=86.2% and specificity=58.7%) and 1.03 (sensitivity=72.5% and specificity=58.5%) were calculated for right and left hands, respectively. Conclusion: APB/ADM CMAP ratio is a relatively highly sensitive but moderately specific diagnostic marker for differentiating ALS patients from healthy controls with higher diagnostic utility in patients younger than 50