The Needle and the Damage Done: \u3cem\u3eMitchell v. Wisconsin\u3c/em\u3e\u27s Sweeping Rule for Warrantless Blood Draws on Unconscious DUI Suspects

In a normal year, the annual death toll from drunk driving accidents in the United States will roughly equal the total number of victims of the September 11th terrorist attacks and service members killed in the War on Terror combined. And while every state has enacted increasingly progressive laws to prevent and punish driving under the influence (DUI), episodes of drunk driving remain consistent year to year and less than one percent of self-reported drunk drivers are arrested. Drunken and drugged driving is, both in lay terms and legally speaking, a compelling public issue. But the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution does not discriminate based on the social cost of specific criminal activity, or at least it ought not to. That is why the Supreme Court’s 2019 plurality opinion in Mitchell v. Wisconsin may have come as a shock to those who study criminal law and procedure. Six years after rejecting any per se warrant exception for blood draws in DUI investigations, the Mitchell plurality blesses virtually all warrantless blood draws on unconscious DUI suspects. This Essay analyzes and critiques the Mitchell plurality opinion, examining warrantless blood draw caselaw before 2019 and evaluating Mitchell against that precedent. Part I summarizes Mitchell. Part II examines Mitchell as a departure from precedent and an attempt to create law through the rose-tinted lens of public policy

Violence Reduction Using The Principles Of Risk-Need-Responsivity

Violence presents unique challenges to individuals, communities, and the justice system. The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model is framed as addressing how to respond to individuals with various forms of violent or violent-related behaviors. The emphasis is on linking individuals to appropriate services and using services and programs that can assist the individuals with learning to manage their aggressive behaviors. Much of the techniques involve addressing situational responses that occur in natural community environments; the models for delivering services and facilitating change tend to be limited to group-based therapy sessions that are not necessarily adaptable to these environmental cues (where emotions and situations are deemed to be high). Some progress has been made in adaptive therapies that extend past group sessions using interrupters, navigators, or others. But, given the complexities of community environments, there is a need for a systemic RNR framework that looks at the issues related to community capacity and relationship factors that affect the ability of the community to be responsive. This Article will describe the systemic RNR framework and use an example from St. Louis, Missouri, in terms of the implications for improving outcomes on how best to reduce violence

A Defect in the Nuclear Translocation of CIITA Causes a Form of Type II Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome

The severe immunodeficiency type II bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) lacks class II MHC gene transcription. One defect from a complementation group A type II BLS patient is a 24 aa deletion in the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA). We show here that the molecular defect present in this protein is a failure of CIITA to undergo nuclear translocation. This defect was mapped to a position-dependent, novel nuclear localization sequence that cannot be functionally replaced by a classical NLS. Fusion of this 5 aa motif to an unrelated protein leads to nuclear translocation. Furthermore, this motif is not critical for transactivation function. This is a description of a genetic disease resulting from a novel defect in the subcellular localization of a transcriptional coactivator

The effect of legal norms and enforcement activities on the availability of pornographic materials in Champaign and Clinton, Illinois

Thesis (B.A.) in Political Science--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1982.Bibliography: leaf 71.Microfiche of typescript. [Urbana, Ill.] : Photographic Services, University of Illinois, U of I Library, [1982]. 2 microfiches (77 frames) : negative ; 11 x 15 cm

Design and Evaluation of the Probation/Parole and Reentry Coach App (PARCA): A Platform to Support a Successful Reentry into Community

Justice-involved people (JIP), especially those with substance use disorder (SUD), face multiple challenges and inadequate resources as they re-enter their communities post-incarceration. Technology interventions have proven to be feasible in supporting this unique population. In this study, we applied iterative development methodology and user-centered design to develop and evaluate a technology artifact called Probation/Parole and Reentry Coach App (PARCA) composed of a JIP mobile app and justice team (JT) portal. PARCA assists recently released JIP with SUD with their reentry. We completed three feedback cycles involving healthcare and criminal justice experts and JIP (N=16) in design workshops, interviews, and usability studies. We collected and analyzed qualitative (semi-structured interviews) and quantitative (System Usability Scale and app use) data. As a pilot study that focuses on qualitative observations, the results indicate that PARCA provides an excellent usability experience for JIP (SUS scores>80) and is useful and satisfactory (based on qualitative responses)

A Statistical Method for Synthesizing Meta-Analyses

Multiple meta-analyses may use similar search criteria and focus on the same topic of interest, but they may yield different or sometimes discordant results. The lack of statistical methods for synthesizing these findings makes it challenging to properly interpret the results from multiple meta-analyses, especially when their results are conflicting. In this paper, we first introduce a method to synthesize the meta-analytic results when multiple meta-analyses use the same type of summary effect estimates. When meta-analyses use different types of effect sizes, the meta-analysis results cannot be directly combined. We propose a two-step frequentist procedure to first convert the effect size estimates to the same metric and then summarize them with a weighted mean estimate. Our proposed method offers several advantages over existing methods b

Cross-regulation between the IL-1β/IL-18 processing inflammasome and other inflammatory cytokines

The inflammasome-forming NLRs are well characterized members of a protein complex mediating the activation of caspase-1 and the cleavage of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their active, secreted forms. New data suggest that components of the inflammasome cascade may have roles in influencing inflammasome-independent pathways of cytokine production. These influences on other immune cytokine pathways are complemented by data suggesting that non-inflammasome cytokines can influence the activation of the inflammasome, either directly or by influencing transcription of inflammasome components. The crosstalk between these cytokine cascades may lead to increased abilities for the cell to respond to diverse pathogen threats

Inflammasome Inhibition as a Pathogenic Stealth Mechanism

The activation of inflammasomes containing NBD-LRR (NLRs) or non-NLRs is critical for effective host defense against microbial pathogens. Recent discoveries have uncovered a plethora of pathogenic strategies to inhibit inflammasome-mediated processing of IL-1β and IL-18. We review recent evidence for viral and bacterial manipulation of the inflammasome ranging from perturbation of caspase-1 activation to targeting of specific inflammasome components

Racial disparity and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system: Exploring consequences for deterrence.

Abstract: Minority (over) representation in the criminal justice system remains a puzzle, both from a policy and an intervention perspective. Cross-sectional reviews of the policies and practices of the criminal justice system often find differential rates of involvement in the criminal justice system that are associated with the nature of the criminal charge/act or characteristics of the offender; however, longitudinal reviews of the race effect often show it to be confounded by procedural and extralegal variables. This review focuses on how the cumulative policies and practices of the criminal justice system contribute to churning, or the recycling of individuals through the system. In conducting our review, we describe how the same criminal justice processes and practices adversely affect select communities. The consequences of policies and procedures that contribute to churning may affect the legitimacy of the criminal justice system as a deterrent to criminal behavior. A research agenda on issues related to legitimacy of the criminal justice system aimed at a better understanding of how this affects individual and community behavior is presented