Entropy for Colored Quark States at Finite Temperature

The quantum entropy at finite temperatures is analyzed by using models for colored quarks making up the physical states of the hadrons. We explicitly work out some special models for the structure of the states of SU(2) and SU(3) relating to the effects of the temperature on the quantum entropy. We show that the entropy of the singlet states monotonically decreases meaning that the mixing of these states continually diminishes with the temperature. It has been found that the structure of the octet states is more complex so that it can be best characterized by two parts. One part is very similar to that of the singlet states. The other one reflects the existence of strong correlations between two of the three color states. Furthermore, we work out the entropy for the {\it classical} Ising and the {\it quantum} XY spin chains. In Ising model the quantum (ground state) entropy does not directly enter into the canonical partition function. It also does not depend on the number of spatial dimensions, but only on the number of quantum states making up the ground state. Whereas, the XY spin chain has a finite entropy at vanishing temperature. The results from the spin models qualitatively analogous to our models for the states of SU(2) and SU(3).Comment: 19 pages, 4 eps figure

The effects of colored quark entropy on the bag pressure

We study the effects of the ground state entropy of colored quarks upon the bag pressure at low temperatures. The vacuum expectation values of the quark and gluon fields are used to express the interactions in QCD ground state in the limit of low temperatures and chemical potentials. Apparently, the inclusion of this entropy in the equation of state provides the hadron constituents with an additional heat which causes a decrease in the effective latent heat inside the hadronic bag and consequently decreases the non-perturbative bag pressure. We have considered two types of baryonic bags, $\Delta$ and $\Omega^-$. In both cases we have found that the bag pressure decreases with the temperature. On the other hand, when the colored quark ground state entropy is not considered, the bag pressure as conventionally believed remains constant for finite temperature.Comment: 13 pages, 2 eps-figures (2 parts each

Entropija stanja obojenih kvarkova na konačnoj temperaturi

The quantum entropy at finite temperatures is analyzed by using models for colored quarks making up the physical states of the hadrons. We explicitly work out some special models for the structure of the states of SU(2)c and SU(3)c related to the effects of temperature on the quantum entropy. We show that the entropy of the singlet states monotonically changes with the temperature. However, the structure of the octet states has a greater complexity which can be best characterized by two types, one of which is similar to that of the singlet states, while the other one reflects the existence of strong correlations between only two of the color states. For the sake of comparison, we work out the entropy for the classical Ising and the quantum XY spin chains. In the Ising model, the quantum entropy in the ground state does not directly enter into the partition function. It also does not depend on the number of spatial dimensions, but only on the number of quantum states making up the ground state. But the XY spin chain has a finite entropy at vanishing temperature. With the inclusion of the ground state, the results from the spin models are qualitatively similar to our models for the states of SU(2)c and SU(3)c.Analiziramo kvantnu entropiju na konačnim temperaturama proučavajući modele obojenih kvarkova koji grade fizička stanja hadrona. Podrobno razlažemo posebne modele za strukturu stanja SU(2)c i SU(3)c koji tumače učinke temperature na kvantnu entropiju. Pokazujemo da se entropija singletnih stanja monotono mijenja s temperaturom. Međutim, struktura tripletnih stanja znatno je zamršenija, što se najbolje može prikazati dvama opisima, jednom koji je sličan opisu singletnih stanja, i drugom koji odražava pojavu snažnih korelacija samo među dvama stanjima boje. Radi usporedbe, računamo entropiju za klasični Isingov model i kvantnih XY spinskih lanaca. U Isingovom modelu, kvantna entropija osnovnog stanja ne ulazi izravno u particijsku funkciju. Ona također ne ovisi o broju prostornim dimenzija, već samo o broju kvantnih stanja koja tvore osnovno stanje. Ali XY spinski lanac zadržava konačnu entropiju ako temperatura iščezava. Ako se uključi osnovno stanje, ishodi spinskih modela slični su našim modelima za SU(2)c i SU(3)c

Entropija stanja obojenih kvarkova na konačnoj temperaturi

The quantum entropy at finite temperatures is analyzed by using models for colored quarks making up the physical states of the hadrons. We explicitly work out some special models for the structure of the states of SU(2)c and SU(3)c related to the effects of temperature on the quantum entropy. We show that the entropy of the singlet states monotonically changes with the temperature. However, the structure of the octet states has a greater complexity which can be best characterized by two types, one of which is similar to that of the singlet states, while the other one reflects the existence of strong correlations between only two of the color states. For the sake of comparison, we work out the entropy for the classical Ising and the quantum XY spin chains. In the Ising model, the quantum entropy in the ground state does not directly enter into the partition function. It also does not depend on the number of spatial dimensions, but only on the number of quantum states making up the ground state. But the XY spin chain has a finite entropy at vanishing temperature. With the inclusion of the ground state, the results from the spin models are qualitatively similar to our models for the states of SU(2)c and SU(3)c.Analiziramo kvantnu entropiju na konačnim temperaturama proučavajući modele obojenih kvarkova koji grade fizička stanja hadrona. Podrobno razlažemo posebne modele za strukturu stanja SU(2)c i SU(3)c koji tumače učinke temperature na kvantnu entropiju. Pokazujemo da se entropija singletnih stanja monotono mijenja s temperaturom. Međutim, struktura tripletnih stanja znatno je zamršenija, što se najbolje može prikazati dvama opisima, jednom koji je sličan opisu singletnih stanja, i drugom koji odražava pojavu snažnih korelacija samo među dvama stanjima boje. Radi usporedbe, računamo entropiju za klasični Isingov model i kvantnih XY spinskih lanaca. U Isingovom modelu, kvantna entropija osnovnog stanja ne ulazi izravno u particijsku funkciju. Ona također ne ovisi o broju prostornim dimenzija, već samo o broju kvantnih stanja koja tvore osnovno stanje. Ali XY spinski lanac zadržava konačnu entropiju ako temperatura iščezava. Ako se uključi osnovno stanje, ishodi spinskih modela slični su našim modelima za SU(2)c i SU(3)c

Development of Human Factors Guidance for Human-Sy

This report characterizes a range of advanced HS

Forecasting Natural Events Using Axonal Delay

The ability to forecast natural phenomena relies on understanding causality. By definition this understanding must include a temporal component. In this paper, we consider the ability of an emerging class of neural network, which encode temporal information into the network, to perform the difficult task of Natural Event Forecasting. The Axonal Delay Network (ADN) models axonal delay in order to make predictions about sunspot activity, the Auroral Electrojet (AE) index and daily temperatures during a heatwave. The performance of this network is benchmarked against older types of neural networks; including the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) network and Functional Link Neural Network (FLNN). The results indicate that the inherent temporal characteristics of the Axonal Delay Network make it well suited to the processing and prediction of natural phenomena

Why Do We Fall? Using Experiences of Failure to Design Case Libraries

Instructional designers can support ill-structured problem solving through case libraries that detail domain-specific principles. In this design project, case libraries were employed in an undergraduate sales management course to contextualize knowledge and describe the ill-structured nature of how solutions are derived to solve authentic problems. Whereas many learning environments employ examples of model behavior (Jonassen, 2011), this instructional design was innovative in that the case libraries consisted of sales management failure experiences as the means to facilitate learning. The failure cases embedded within the learning environment engendered design tensions on multiple levels throughout the instructional design. Specifically, this article discusses the issues of engaging the subject matter expert (SME) to talk about failure cases and subsequent challenges to translate the experiences into meaningful learning resources for ill-structured problem solving. Other challenges included how to strategically design the learning environment so that the case library was available at the optimal time for the learners. The design case concludes with a reflection upon the process

Disruption of Immune Homeostasis in Human Dendritic Cells via Regulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis by

As fundamental processes of immune homeostasis, autophagy, and apoptosis must be maintained to mitigate risk of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by oral microbial dysbiosis, and dysregulation of dendritic cell (DC) and T cell responses. The aim of this study was to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which the oral microb

The Correlation Between Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Safety Culture and Quality of Care

OBJECTIVES: Key validated clinical metrics are being used individually and in aggregate (Baby-MONITOR) to monitor the performance of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The degree to which perceptions of key components of safety culture, safety climate, and teamwork are related to aspects of NICU quality of care is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to test whether NICU performance on key clinical metrics correlates with caregiver perceptions of safety culture. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 6253 very low-birth-weight infants in 44 NICUs. We measured clinical quality via the Baby-MONITOR and its nine risk-adjusted and standardized subcomponents (antenatal corticosteroids, hypothermia, pneumothorax, healthcare-associated infection, chronic lung disease, retinopathy screen, discharge on any human milk, growth velocity, and mortality). A voluntary sample of 2073 of 3294 eligible professional caregivers provided ratings of safety and teamwork climate using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. We examined NICU-level variation across clinical and safety culture ratings and conducted correlation analysis of these dimensions. RESULTS: We found significant variation in clinical and safety culture metrics across NICUs. Neonatal intensive care unit teamwork and safety climate ratings were correlated with absence of healthcare-associated infection (r = 0.39 [P = 0.01] and r = 0.29 [P = 0.05], respectively). None of the other clinical metrics, individual or composite, were significantly correlated with teamwork or safety climate. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal intensive care unit teamwork and safety climate were correlated with healthcare-associated infections but not with other quality metrics. Linkages to clinical measures of quality require additional research

Evolution of epidemiologic methods and concepts in selected textbooks of the 20th century

Summary: Textbooks are an expression of the state of development of a discipline at a given moment in time. By reviewing eight epidemiology textbooks published over the course of a century, we have attempted to trace the evolution of five epidemiologic concepts and methods: study design (cohort studies and case-control studies), confounding, bias, interaction and causal inference. Overall, these eight textbooks can be grouped into three generations. Greenwood (1935) and Hill (first edition 1937; version reviewed 1961)'s textbooks belong to the first generation, "early epidemiology”, which comprise early definitions of bias and confounding. The second generation, "classic epidemiology”, represented by the textbooks of Morris (first edition 1957; version reviewed 1964), MacMahon & Pugh (first edition 1960; version reviewed 1970), Susser (1973), and Lilienfeld & Lilienfeld (first edition 1976; version reviewed 1980), clarifies the properties of cohort and case-control study designs and the theory of disease causation. Miettinen (1985) and Rothman (1986)'s textbooks belong to a third generation, "modern epidemiology”, presenting an integrated perspective on study designs and their measures of outcome, as well as distinguishing and formalizing the concepts of confounding and interaction. Our review demonstrates that epidemiology, as a scientific discipline, is in constant evolution and transformation. It is likely that new methodological tools, able to assess the complexity of the causes of human health, will be proposed in future generations of textbook