Best practice guide to socially and gender-inclusive development in the Kenyan intensive dairy sector

This report is a guide to best practices for gender and social inclusion in Kenyan intensive dairy sector. This guide is meant as a practical resource to inform the development of Kenya’s Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) strategy. Kenya’s NAMA will provide climate finance mechanisms to a number of stakeholders in the livestock sector who are currently practising or interested in low-emissions development. Although development interventions in Kenya’s dairy industry have begun to recognize gender and social differentiation issues, there is a critical need to fill the knowledge gaps that exist in the practical application of gender mainstreaming from policy to field level. This guide provides a synthesis of lessons learned and recommendations for gender-equitable low-emissions development. The guide draws upon both extant literature and project experiences revealed by industry experts (n=12). To safeguard the anonymity of participants, no personal names or official positions are mentioned. This guide solely focuses on high-potential dairy development areas, as these are the priority sites for Kenya’s NAMA

Gendered participation in informal milk markets in Kenya: Implications for low emissions dairy development

Gendered preferences for engagement in informal versus formal milk markets reflect differential ability to benefit from them. In Kenya, married women are likely to lose control over dairy income and decision-making when milk is marketed to formal channels, thus they often opt to sell milk through informal arrangements. Women selling to or working in the informal sector as vendors (“milk hawkers”) are circumventing male-dominated formal structures and increasing their access to income. Low emissions dairy development (LEDD) has been pursued only through the formal milk marketing sector, creating a reifying dilemma for existing power structures in terms of gendered access to dairy income. Both formal and informal market participation provide important avenues towards agency and prosperity for women and their families. Understanding the social trade-offs in market participation for both is necessary to inform to inform gender inclusive low emissions dairy development strategies

From sub-IDOs to Impact: A Guide to Developing Gender-related Policy Indicators in CCAFS

The Gender and Social Inclusion (GSI) unit of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) is dedicated to the advancement of gender-responsive climate policies. This document is a guide to best practices for developing indicators to track progress toward CCAFS gender-related policy sub-intermediate development outcomes (sub-IDOs) and gender activities at project and national levels. While the primary objective of this guide is to be used as a practical resource for CCAFS projects in tracking progress towards CCAFS gender-related policy sub-IDOs, the methodology and frameworks developed herein would be useful for other programs in selecting which gender issues should be prioritized in climate policy and how these can be instrumentalized in tracking through appropriate and meaningful gender indicators. This guide also provides a synthesis of best practices and recommendations for tracking gender outcomes in climate policy by drawing upon both extant literature and project experiences revealed by CCAFS project leaders and experts (n=14). A discussion of the limitation of gender indicators and how they can be complemented with other tools and methods is also included

The Gender-Climate-Security Nexus: Conceptual Framework, CGIAR Portfolio Review, and Recommendations towards an Agenda for One CGIAR

This position paper provides a conceptual framework for the gender-climate-security-nexus, a CGIAR portfolio review of work related to the nexus, and recommendations towards an agenda for One CGIAR in addressing the nexus. We anticipate the paper will help inform the One CGIAR and its stakeholders towards an understanding of the connections between gender, climate, and security through case study examples of the gender dimensions of climate-related security risks, a review of the CGIAR work to date on the gender-climate-security nexus and how this work can be used to promote gender transformative goals in climate security research, policy, and programming, as well as recommendations for One CGIAR on what actions should be taken to inform future research and policy in addressing gendered climate impacts and associated threats to human security

TH3.3: Beyond crops: Towards gender equality in forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, and livestock development

The fisheries, aquaculture, forestry, and livestock sectors are critical for sustaining rural livelihoods and achieving global food and nutrition security. Yet each of these sectors embeds important gender and other social inequalities, hindering people who rely on these livelihood systems from achieving their full potential. In this background paper for the Report on The Status of Rural Women in Agri-food Systems: 10 Years after the SOFA 2010-11, we review the literature to examine gender gaps in relation to each sector, their implications for achieving multiple food system outcomes, what has worked to reduce inequalities, and the potential these sectors hold for advancing gender equality as an outcome in itself. We demonstrate that, despite specificities across sectors, similar gender barriers limit the benefits women receive from fisheries, aquaculture, forestry, and livestock. These constraints, which occur at multiple levels, include: the invisibility and undervaluation of rural women's labor and their disproportionately heavy labor burdens, limited and precarious control over resources, norms that hinder women's voice and influence in decision-making and governance, and exclusionary institutions such as resource-user groups and extension and data systems. Drawing on Njuki et al.'s (2021) Gendered Food Systems framework, we demonstrate that, to achieve transformative change in food systems, changes in each sector are required in women's agency, access to and control over resources, gender norms, and policies and governance. Such changes can improve dietary outcomes, gender equality and women's empowerment, economic and livelihood outcomes, and environmental outcomes. To conclude, we argue that closing gender gaps across sectors requires multipronged strategies that simultaneously engage these four change pathways to lift structural barriers to inequality

Learning and action for gender-transformative climate-smart agriculture

This paper reports on a networking meeting of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Gender and Social Inclusion (GSI) Flagship held at the university of Canberra, Australia on 1-2 April 2019. The meeting helped to identify opportunities for gender-transformative, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) through knowledge sharing and next steps for CCAFS Phase Two. Researchers involved in gender and social inclusion working across CCAFS reviewed the existing knowledge base, noted key gaps, and began the process of identifying future research questions and themes

Intensifying inequality? Gendered trends in commercializing and diversifying smallholder farming systems in East Africa

While the commercialization and diversification of agricultural and livestock systems have been identified as key global strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation, less is known as to the large-scale gendered impacts that are implicated in these transformations among smallholder crop and livestock farmers. This study explores these gender impacts across different farming systems and gender-respondent-household typologies using data from the Rural Household Multiple Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) in 2,859 households in three East African countries – Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Female control scores over incomes or foodstuffs produced through both on and off farm activities were highest in farming systems that had more land and more livestock. However, increasing commercialization – defined herein as the increasing importance of crop and livestock sales to farm households – resulted in an overall decline in female control across all farming systems and gender-respondent-household typologies. In contrast, crop and livestock diversification were positively associated with female control across gender-respondent-household typologies. Analysis of specific crops and livestock products across farming systems and respondent typologies revealed women have far greater control over decisions related to consumption than decisions related to sales, although the gap between the two were less pronounced in lesser-valued livestock products (chickens, eggs). However, the analyses suggest that as sale of crops and livestock increase, female control over these areas could likely diminish, regardless of specific activity. The authors conclude that approaches to adapt to or mitigate climate change that rely on increasing market orientation of smallholder production will likely intensify men's control over benefits from production, whereas diversification will likely have a more positive impact on female control. Thus, climate adaptation strategies promoting increased diversification will likely have a more positive impact on women smallholders than commercialization alone. The authors recommend that when commercialization is the target intervention, it must be accompanied by a gender differentiated analysis of trade-offs and risks to mitigate the potential negative consequences shown in this study