Can biorelevant media be simplified by using SLS and tween 80 to replace bile compounds?

In the scientific literature, the use of a surfactant is recommended for both designing quality control tests for water insoluble or sparingly water soluble drugs and for predicting the bioavailability of drugs from various types of formulations. Since the number of poorly soluble drugs is increasing, the selection of adequate dissolution test for these becomes more and more important. The aim of the present study was to develop predictive and discriminatory test methods based on surfactants that are recommended in the literature. Particular respect was given to the use of sodium lauryl sulfate and Tween 80, the two most commonly used surfactants for this purpose. Tamoxifen was used as a model drug. Dissolution experiments were performed using various concentrations of the two surfactants in buffer media typically used to prepare biorelevant test media. Results were then compared with those deriving from the same test formulations in biorelevant and simplified “biorelevant” media. Results from this study indicate that the concentration of surfactant has a huge impact on both the rate and extent of drug release from the formulation and also on the discriminatory power of the test. However, they also indicate that a well designed and validated test medium containing SLS or Tween 80 can be useful in terms of establishing a discriminatory test medium that possibly could also be used to assure batch to batch bioequivalence. Therefore, the approach described in the present paper might be very helpful for developing predictive and discriminatory methods in early formulation development for poorly soluble drugs and which could also be adopted for QC

Initial interaction of citrate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles with the glycocalyx of THP-1 monocytes assessed by real-time magnetic particle spectroscopy and electron microscopy

Interaction with biological material can alter physicochemical parameters of magnetic nanoparticles and might thereby change their magnetic behavior with potentially important implications for various nanoparticle applications. Little is known about changes of the magnetic behavior that occur during the initial phase of cell binding and uptake. We investigate the magnetic behavior of very small superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (VSOP) during initial contact with THP-1 monocytes. We combine real-time magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), a fast and sensitive method for specific detection of magnetic nanoparticles in biological specimen with high-pressure-freezing/freeze-substitution transmission electron microscopy (HPF/FS-TEM), enabling us to generate snapshots of the interaction of VSOP with the cellular glycocalyx. MPS reveals significant changes of the dynamic magnetic behavior within seconds after VSOP injection into monocyte suspensions that correlate with the formation of nanoparticle clusters in the glycocalyx. The combination of real-time MPS and HPF/FS-TEM provides an ideal platform to analyze magnetic behaviors of nanoparticles upon interaction with cells and tissues

MPI Phantom Study with A High-Performing Multicore Tracer Made by Coprecipitation

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new imaging technique that detects the spatial distribution of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) with the option of high temporal resolution. MPI relies on particular MNP as tracers with tailored characteristics for improvement of sensitivity and image resolution. For this reason, we developed optimized multicore particles (MCP 3) made by coprecipitation via synthesis of green rust and subsequent oxidation to iron oxide cores consisting of a magnetite/maghemite mixed phase. MCP 3 shows high saturation magnetization close to that of bulk maghemite and provides excellent magnetic particle spectroscopy properties which are superior to Resovist® and any other up to now published MPI tracers made by coprecipitation. To evaluate the MPI characteristics of MCP 3 two kinds of tube phantoms were prepared and investigated to assess sensitivity, spatial resolution, artifact severity, and selectivity. Resovist® was used as standard of comparison. For image reconstruction, the regularization factor was optimized, and the resulting images were investigated in terms of quantifying of volumes and iron content. Our results demonstrate the superiority of MCP 3 over Resovist® for all investigated MPI characteristics and suggest that MCP 3 is promising for future experimental in vivo studies

In-between Frame and Gallery: Framing and installing as architectural practice

This article presents a theoretical investigation into the participation of an architect in exhibition and museum projects. The study seeks to establish a foundation for understanding exhibition making as an alternative architectural practice. It examines how the architect's involvement in the field of exhibition making contributes to the collective production processes with a focus on the tools of framing and installing. Within the physical and intellectual realms of exhibition making, the architect's nuanced position emerges through constant transformations in relationships with individuals, institutions, materials, and spaces. The paper investigates how an architect can position herself on the threshold between artistic and architectural production, in relation to different modes of involvement in the practice of exhibition making. Focusing on two simultaneous exhibitions held within the same museum, the text showcases contrasting approaches. In one the architect actively withdraws, and in the other she takes on a proactive role in architectural design. The study introduces frame as a primary tool, and framing and installing as primary acts in the production of exhibitions operating on the boundary of architecture and art.Bu makale, bir mimarın sergi ve müze projelerine katılımı üzerine teorik bir inceleme sunmakta, sergi yapımını alternatif bir mimari uygulama olarak anlamak için bir temel oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çerçeveleme ve yerleştirmeyi birer araç olarak tarifleyerek mimarın sergi alanına katılımının kolektif üretim süreçlerine nasıl katkı sağladığını incelemektedir. Sergi yapımının fiziksel ve entelektüel alanlarında mimarın incelikli konumu, bireylerle, kurumlarla, malzemelerle ve mekanlarla ilişkilerdeki sürekli dönüşümler yoluyla ortaya çıkar. Makale, sergileme pratiğindeki farklı katılım biçimleriyle ilişkili olarak bir mimarın kendisini sanatsal ve mimari üretim arasındaki eşikte nasıl konumlandırabileceğini araştırmaktadır. Aynı müzede eşzamanlı olarak düzenlenen iki sergiye odaklanan metin, birinde mimar aktif olarak geri çekildiği, diğerinde mimari tasarımda proaktif bir rol üstlendiği birbirine zıt iki yaklaşımı ön plana çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır.Çalışma, mimarlık ve sanat sınırında faaliyet gösteren sergilerin üretiminde çerçeveyi birincil araç olarak, çerçeveleme ve yerleştirmeyi ise birincil eylemler olarak odağına almaktadır

Should Teleoperation Be like Driving in a Car? Comparison of Teleoperation HMIs

Since Automated Driving Systems are not expected to operate flawlessly, Automated Vehicles will require human assistance in certain situations. For this reason, teleoperation offers the opportunity for a human to be remotely connected to the vehicle and assist it. The Remote Operator can provide extensive support by directly controlling the vehicle, eliminating the need for Automated Driving functions. However, due to the physical disconnection to the vehicle, monitoring and controlling is challenging compared to driving in the vehicle. Therefore, this work follows the approach of simplifying the task for the Remote Operator by separating the path and velocity input. In a study using a miniature vehicle, different operator-vehicle interactions and input devices were compared based on collisions, task completion time, usability and workload. The evaluation revealed significant differences between the three implemented prototypes using a steering wheel, mouse and keyboard or a touchscreen. The separate input of path and velocity via mouse and keyboard or touchscreen is preferred but is slower compared to parallel input via steering wheel.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, 3 table

Chest computed tomography findings typical of COVID-19 pneumonia in Germany as early as 30 December 2019: a case report

Background The first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 were officially confirmed in Germany and its European neighbors in late January 2020. In France and Italy, there is evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 was spreading as early as December 2019. Case presentation We report on a 71-year-old male patient from Germany who was admitted to our hospital on 30 December 2019 with pneumonia of unclear etiology and chest computed tomography findings typical of COVID-19 pneumonia. Conclusion This case may indicate that coronavirus disease 2019 was already spreading in Germany as early as December 2019

Organoide - Die deutsche Rechtslage

In seinem Beitrag stellt Herr Taupitz die deutsche Rechtslage zu Organoiden vor. Auch wenn es kein eigenes Gesetz zur Regulierung dieses neuen Bereiches gibt, sind doch viele bestehende Gesetze auch in diesem Kontext relevant