Role of Non-coding RNAs in Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common autosomal recessive disorder, caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. CFTR gene expression is tightly controlled by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory factors, resulting in complex spatial and temporal expression patterns. Here, we describe an overview of the findings about the contribution of ncRNAs, especially miRNAs, in physiological CFTR gene expression and in CF. Determination of mechanisms governing its expression is essential for developing new CF therapies. ncRNAs, including lncRNAs and miRNAs, could also contribute to CF progression and severity and their dysregulation in CF opens new perspectives for patient follow-up and treatment

New Molecular Diagnosis Approaches — From the Identification of Mutations to their Characterization

Molecular diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is based on the detection of mutation in the CFTR gene, identified in 1989. During the past 20 years, thanks to evolutions of diagnostic techniques, our knowledge of mutation spectrum and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the disease has significantly improved. Sanger sequencing and quantitative methods greatly contributed to the identification of the 2,000 sequence variations reported worldwide in CFTR. We are now entering the new technological age with the generalisation of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies in diagnostics laboratories. These high throughput approaches allow scanning for the entire CFTR locus, including deep intronic regions, and in parallel other candidate genes that possibly influence the clinical evolution of patients. However, this powerful technology poses new challenge in test interpretation. In this chapter, we review the current and new technologies used in molecular diagnostics of cystic fibrosis, particularly NGS approaches. We also present current and new bioinformatics tools available for the interpretation of variants and in vitro/ex vivo and in vivo techniques that can be used to improve the characterization of the functional impact of CFTR variations

Comprehensive analysis of the renal transcriptional response to acute uranyl nitrate exposure

BACKGROUND: Chemical and radiological toxicities related to uranium acute exposure have been widely studied in nuclear fuel workers and military personnel. It is well known that uranyl nitrate induces acute renal failure (ARF). However, the mechanisms of this metal-induced injury are not well defined at the molecular level. RESULTS: Renal function and histology were assessed in mice receiving uranyl nitrate (UN(+)) and controls (UN(-)). To identify the genomic response to uranium exposure, serial analysis gene expression (SAGE) of the kidney was performed in both groups. Over 43,000 mRNA SAGE tags were sequenced. A selection of the differentially expressed transcripts was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. UN(+) animals developed renal failure and displayed the characteristic histological lesions of UN nephropathy. Of the >14,500 unique tags identified in both libraries, 224 had a modified expression level; they are known to participate in inflammation, ion transport, signal transduction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolism, and catabolism. Several genes that were identified had not previously been evaluated within the context of toxic ARF such as translationally controlled tumor protein, insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 and ribosomal protein S29, all apoptosis related genes. CONCLUSION: We report a comprehensive description of the UN induced modifications in gene expression levels, including the identification of genes previously unrelated to ARF. The study of these genes and the metabolisms they control should improve our understanding of toxic ARF and enlighten on the molecular targets for potential therapeutic interventions

Binding of serum response factor to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CArG-like elements, as a new potential CFTR transcriptional regulation pathway

CFTR expression is tightly controlled by a complex network of ubiquitous and tissue-specific cis-elements and trans-factors. To better understand mechanisms that regulate transcription of CFTR, we examined transcription factors that specifically bind a CFTR CArG-like motif we have previously shown to modulate CFTR expression. Gel mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated the CFTR CArG-like motif binds serum response factor both in vitro and in vivo. Transient co-transfections with various SRF expression vector, including dominant-negative forms and small interfering RNA, demonstrated that SRF significantly increases CFTR transcriptional activity in bronchial epithelial cells. Mutagenesis studies suggested that in addition to SRF other co-factors, such as Yin Yang 1 (YY1) previously shown to bind the CFTR promoter, are potentially involved in the CFTR regulation. Here, we show that functional interplay between SRF and YY1 might provide interesting perspectives to further characterize the underlying molecular mechanism of the basal CFTR transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the identification of multiple CArG binding sites in highly conserved CFTR untranslated regions, which form specific SRF complexes, provides direct evidence for a considerable role of SRF in the CFTR transcriptional regulation into specialized epithelial lung cells

The HDAC inhibitor SAHA does not rescue CFTR membrane expression in Cystic Fibrosis

International audienc

Large genomic rearrangements in the CFTR gene contribute to CBAVD

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>By performing extensive scanning of whole coding and flanking sequences of the <it>CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator</it>) gene, we had previously identified point mutations in 167 out of 182 (91.7%) males with isolated congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD). Conventional PCR-based methods of mutation analysis do not detect gross DNA lesions. In this study, we looked for large rearrangements within the whole <it>CFTR </it>locus in the 32 CBAVD patients with only one or no mutation.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We developed a semi-quantitative fluorescent PCR assay (SQF-PCR), which relies on the comparison of the fluorescent profiles of multiplex PCR fragments obtained from different DNA samples. We confirmed the gross alterations by junction fragment amplification and identified their breakpoints by direct sequencing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We detected two large genomic heterozygous deletions, one encompassing exon 2 (c.54-5811_c.164+2186del8108ins182) [or <it>CFTRdele2</it>], the other removing exons 22 to 24 (c.3964-3890_c.4443+3143del9454ins5) [or <it>CFTRdele 22_24</it>], in two males carrying a typical CBAVD mutation on the other parental <it>CFTR </it>allele. We present the first bioinformatic tool for exon phasing of the <it>CFTR </it>gene, which can help to rename the exons and the nomenclature of small mutations according to international recommendations and to predict the consequence of large rearrangements on the open reading frame.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Identification of large rearrangements further expands the <it>CFTR </it>mutational spectrum in CBAVD and should now be systematically investigated. We have designed a simple test to specifically detect the presence or absence of the two rearrangements identified in this study.</p

Etude de la régulation transcriptionnelle et post-transcriptionnelle du gène CFTR (identification de facteurs de transcription et de microARNs)

Le gène CFTR, impliqué lorsqu'il est muté dans la mucoviscidose, est finement régulé au niveau tissulaire (principalement exprimé dans les organes cibles de la mucoviscidose) et au cours du développement. Par exemple, dans les tissus pulmonaires, l'expression du gène CFTR est plus forte chez le fœtus que chez l'adulte (75:1), où seulement deux copies en moyenne par cellule sont détectées.L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer les mécanismes moléculaires responsables de cette régulation. Nous avons identifié de nombreux motifs cis-régulateurs au niveau de la région promotrice et de la région 3'UTR. Nous avons également caractérisé des facteurs de transcription, dont certains présentent une spécificité tissulaire et développementale. C'est notamment le cas des protéines de la famille FOX, des régulateurs clés dans le développement du système reproducteur et pulmonaire. Cette étude a également permis d'identifier le rôle de certains microARNs dans la déstabilisation des transcrits CFTR. Finalement, nous proposons un rôle combiné de ces différents acteurs dans la régulation transcriptionnelle et post-transcriptionnelle du gène CFTR. L'identification des éléments répresseurs devrait fournir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour la mucoviscidose.CFTR gene, involved in cystic fibrosis, displays a tightly regulated spatio-temporal pattern of expression (mainly expressed in taget tissues of cystic fibrosis). In lung, CFTR transcripts are abundant during fetal development compared to the adult stage (75:1), where only two copies per cell are detected. The aim of this work was to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation. We have identified several cis-regulatory motifs in the 5'UTR and the 3'UTR parts. We have characterized transcription factors with tissue- and temporal-specific activity. Members of FOX family are crucial regulators in reproductive duct and lung formation. We have also identified microRNAs in destabilizing CFTR transcripts. Finally, we propose a coupling role of trans-acting regulators in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the CFTR gene. Characterizing the repressors would help to identify novel therapeutic tools in cystic fibrosis.MONTPELLIER-BU Médecine UPM (341722108) / SudocSudocFranceF

Current and future molecular approaches in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

International audienceCystic Fibrosis is among the first diseases to have general population genetic screening tests and one of the most common indications of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis for single gene disorders. During the past twenty years, thanks to the evolution of diagnostic techniques, our knowledge of CFTR genetics and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cystic fibrosis has significantly improved. Areas covered: Sanger sequencing and quantitative methods greatly contributed to the identification of more than 2,000 sequence variations reported worldwide in the CFTR gene. We are now entering a new technological age with the generalization of high throughput approaches such as Next Generation Sequencing and Droplet Digital PCR technologies in diagnostics laboratories. These powerful technologies open up new perspectives for scanning the entire CFTR locus, exploring modifier factors that possibly influence the clinical evolution of patients, and for preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis. Expert commentary: Such breakthroughs would, however, require powerful bioinformatics tools and relevant functional tests of variants for analysis and interpretation of the resulting data. Ultimately, an optimal use of all those resources may improve patient care and therapeutic decision-making

Comprehensive analysis of the renal transcriptional response to acute uranyl nitrate exposure

Abstract Background Chemical and radiological toxicities related to uranium acute exposure have been widely studied in nuclear fuel workers and military personnel. It is well known that uranyl nitrate induces acute renal failure (ARF). However, the mechanisms of this metal-induced injury are not well defined at the molecular level. Results Renal function and histology were assessed in mice receiving uranyl nitrate (UN(+)) and controls (UN(-)). To identify the genomic response to uranium exposure, serial analysis gene expression (SAGE) of the kidney was performed in both groups. Over 43,000 mRNA SAGE tags were sequenced. A selection of the differentially expressed transcripts was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. UN(+) animals developed renal failure and displayed the characteristic histological lesions of UN nephropathy. Of the >14,500 unique tags identified in both libraries, 224 had a modified expression level; they are known to participate in inflammation, ion transport, signal transduction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolism, and catabolism. Several genes that were identified had not previously been evaluated within the context of toxic ARF such as translationally controlled tumor protein, insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 and ribosomal protein S29, all apoptosis related genes. Conclusion We report a comprehensive description of the UN induced modifications in gene expression levels, including the identification of genes previously unrelated to ARF. The study of these genes and the metabolisms they control should improve our understanding of toxic ARF and enlighten on the molecular targets for potential therapeutic interventions.</p