The use of narrative as a speech behaviour model

The authors of this paper view narrative as a way for a human to express his or her attitude to the world, finding its presence virtually in every aspect of human relations. Revealing the essence of a narrative approach, the authors refer to the works by J. Brockmeier, R. Harré, A. Schütz, J.F. Lyotard, J. Bruner who analyzed the essence of narrative in their studies. The structure, characteristics, forms and functions of narrative as a type of discursive reality are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to personal narrative as a way to reflect acquired experience. The authors underline the use of narrative techniques in many knowledge areas: psychology, sociology, linguistics, philosophy, and psychiatry. Analyzing pedagogical aspects of narrative, the authors mention the use of metaphors as a means of influencing the audience. The authors pay a special attention to the practicability of narrative teaching methods, namely a narrative game as one of the methods of active learning in an educational process.peer-reviewe

Ультразвуковое исследование легких при пневмонии

In the last few decades the content of diagnostic information provided by ultrasound examination of the chest in a wide spectrum of diseases (pneumonia, peripheral tumors, pleural diseases, pneumothorax) has been widely discussed. The advantages of ultrasound examination (the lack of radiation exposure, image in real time, the distinct visualization of pulmonary subpleural portions and costal diaphragmatic sinuses) provide the possibility to use ultrasound in pediatric practice for frequent monitoring of pneumonia dynamics. The use of ultrasound examination in the diagnostic algorithm in adult patients with pneumonia is not widely used in Russian clinical practice.The article gives the details about the technique of ultrasound examination of the chest, ultrasound anatomy, the impact of the morphological substrate of the pathological formation on the ultrasound picture, and its localization and length. The review of bibliography data about ultrasound semiotics of pneumonia depending on the type of inflammatory infiltrate (hypo and hyperechoic structure of various shapes, length, artifacts, A-line, -line). The necessity of ultrasound use for monitoring pneumonia in order to assess the therapy efficacy has been proven (this is a very strong statement, I would say it “has been supported”.It is indicated that the possibility of ultrasound examination depending on morphological forms of inflammation has not been disclosed and there are no data about the comparison of ultrasound, X-ray and computed tomography. The recommended frequency of the ultrasound monitoring of different inflammatory lung diseases has not yet been determined (this makes it sound like there are no results).This article indicates that ultrasound examination can take its important place as an option in the diagnosis in patients with inflammatory lung diseases due to the safety and wide availability of this method in combination with the CDK. В последние десятилетия широко обсуждается диагностическая информативность ультразвука при многочисленном спектре заболеваний органов грудной клетки (пневмония, периферические объемные образования, заболевания плевры, пневмоторакс). Преимущества ультразвукового исследования – отсутствие лучевой нагрузки, получение изображения в реальном времени, отчетливая визуализация субплевральных отделов легких и реберно-диафрагмальных синусов – дают возможность использовать ультразвук в педиатрической практике для частого мониторирования динамики пневмонии. Применение ультразвукового исследования в диагностическом алгоритме у пациентов взрослого контингента с пневмонией в отечественной клинической практике широко не используется.В статье подробно излагаются методика ультразвукового исследования органов грудной клетки, ультразвуковая анатомия, ультразвуковая картина в зависимости от морфологического субстрата патологического образования, его локализации, протяженности.Представлен обзор библиографических данных об ультразвуковой семиотике пневмоний в зависимости от типа воспалительного инфильтрата (гипо-и гиперэхогенные структуры различной формы, протяженности, артефакты, А-линии, В-линии). Обоснована необходимость использования ультразвука для мониторирования течения пневмонии с целью оценки эффективности терапии.Указано, что до настоящего времени не раскрыты полностью возможности ультразвукового исследования в зависимости от морфологической формы воспаления, нет данных о сопоставлении ультразвукового исследования, рентгенографии и компьютерной томографии. Не установлена периодичность ультразвукового мониторирования воспалительных заболеваний легких.Ввиду безопасности и широкой доступности метода в сочетании с использованием режима цветного допплеровского картирования ультразвуковое исследование может занять надлежащее место в алгоритме лучевой диагностики у больных воспалительными заболеваниями легких.

Ultrasound examination of pneumonia-infected lungs

In the last few decades the content of diagnostic information provided by ultrasound examination of the chest in a wide spectrum of diseases (pneumonia, peripheral tumors, pleural diseases, pneumothorax) has been widely discussed. The advantages of ultrasound examination (the lack of radiation exposure, image in real time, the distinct visualization of pulmonary subpleural portions and costal diaphragmatic sinuses) provide the possibility to use ultrasound in pediatric practice for frequent monitoring of pneumonia dynamics. The use of ultrasound examination in the diagnostic algorithm in adult patients with pneumonia is not widely used in Russian clinical practice.The article gives the details about the technique of ultrasound examination of the chest, ultrasound anatomy, the impact of the morphological substrate of the pathological formation on the ultrasound picture, and its localization and length. The review of bibliography data about ultrasound semiotics of pneumonia depending on the type of inflammatory infiltrate (hypo and hyperechoic structure of various shapes, length, artifacts, A-line, -line). The necessity of ultrasound use for monitoring pneumonia in order to assess the therapy efficacy has been proven (this is a very strong statement, I would say it “has been supported”.It is indicated that the possibility of ultrasound examination depending on morphological forms of inflammation has not been disclosed and there are no data about the comparison of ultrasound, X-ray and computed tomography. The recommended frequency of the ultrasound monitoring of different inflammatory lung diseases has not yet been determined (this makes it sound like there are no results).This article indicates that ultrasound examination can take its important place as an option in the diagnosis in patients with inflammatory lung diseases due to the safety and wide availability of this method in combination with the CDK