Existentialist ethical thought in the theatre of Gabriel Marcel, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre

The Existentialist thought of Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973), Albert Camus (1913-1960), and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) is dominated by a concern for the ethical, and Marcel, Camus, and Sartre all explored questions of morality in the works they produced for the theatre. Not only does this suggest that a particular appreciation of their ethical thought is necessary for their drama to be fully understood; an investigation of their dramatic works might equally provide a privileged access to their ethical thought. The study of Existentialist drama has been somewhat neglected – and what research has been undertaken focuses on the work of the three individual playwrights, rather than offering a comparative analysis. No study to date has focused on Existentialist drama purely in relation to the ethical. Furthermore, existing studies tend to address either the aesthetic or the philosophical dimension of Existentialist theatre. But as this dissertation will argue, theatre is not a straightforward medium of expression; the discussion of a play’s philosophical ‘message’ must take this into account. The aims of the dissertation are to (i) analyse the fundamental concepts applied by Marcel, Camus, and Sartre in the field of ethics; (ii) examine the ways in which each adapts and experiments with the dramatic genre to address ethical issues; (iii) explore and compare the interplay of philosophy and drama in their respective œuvres, in order that theatre’s influence on each philosopher’s ethical voice might be reconsidered. The dissertation will be divided into two major parts: Section 1 will introduce the plays selected for analysis, aiming to identify the ethical discourse present in the theatre of each Existentialist philosopher; Section 2 will then explore the inter-relations between these ethical discourses, and consider how the three Existentialists’ dramatization of the ethical is reflective of their theoretical ethical discussions

Existentialist ethical thought in the theatre of Gabriel Marcel, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre

The Existentialist thought of Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973), Albert Camus (1913-1960), and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) is dominated by a concern for the ethical, and Marcel, Camus, and Sartre all explored questions of morality in the works they produced for the theatre. Not only does this suggest that a particular appreciation of their ethical thought is necessary for their drama to be fully understood; an investigation of their dramatic works might equally provide a privileged access to their ethical thought. The study of Existentialist drama has been somewhat neglected – and what research has been undertaken focuses on the work of the three individual playwrights, rather than offering a comparative analysis. No study to date has focused on Existentialist drama purely in relation to the ethical. Furthermore, existing studies tend to address either the aesthetic or the philosophical dimension of Existentialist theatre. But as this dissertation will argue, theatre is not a straightforward medium of expression; the discussion of a play’s philosophical ‘message’ must take this into account. The aims of the dissertation are to (i) analyse the fundamental concepts applied by Marcel, Camus, and Sartre in the field of ethics; (ii) examine the ways in which each adapts and experiments with the dramatic genre to address ethical issues; (iii) explore and compare the interplay of philosophy and drama in their respective œuvres, in order that theatre’s influence on each philosopher’s ethical voice might be reconsidered. The dissertation will be divided into two major parts: Section 1 will introduce the plays selected for analysis, aiming to identify the ethical discourse present in the theatre of each Existentialist philosopher; Section 2 will then explore the inter-relations between these ethical discourses, and consider how the three Existentialists’ dramatization of the ethical is reflective of their theoretical ethical discussions

Time in the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel

This thesis aims to determine what is distinctive to the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973). While his work has largely been received as a form of 'Christian existentialism' (notably by Jean-Paul Sartre), and thus interpreted in relation to other philosophies of existence, it is my contention that this prevents an appreciation of his specificity. I therefore recommend a new reading of his thought, which, through analysis of his various philosophical presentations of time, re-situates him within the twentieth-century French intellectual tradition. Part I of the thesis provides an introduction to his philosophy of time, analysing his position in specific relation to Henri Bergson (1859-1941). Chapter One raises the question as to whether his position is then compromised by his engagement with eternity, for this seems to undermine time's significance. However, what begins to emerge from Chapter Two onward, is that such a question may be inappropriate with respect to Marcel's understanding of philosophy. Part II (Chapters Three and Four) then explores the implications that his work’s various modes have on the content of his arguments: first, the diary-form of his formative works and his (continuing) use of a first-person narrative style in his essays and lectures; and second, the (non-narrative) form of his theatre, to which Marcel also accorded philosophical significance. Here, Marcel is read alongside Paul Ricœur (1913-2005) and Emmanuel Lévinas (1906-1995), who also tried to approach philosophy differently – as is especially manifest in their conceptions of time. Finally, Part III (Chapter Five) reconsiders the relation between Marcel’s philosophy and religion, asking how his references to God affect the basis of his philosophy, and what this entails for interpreting time in his work. In light of these discussions, the conclusion then reflects on what philosophy is for Marcel, and how he should therefore be received

Trends in Gender Equality in the UK, 1968 to 2012: Four Barriers to ‘Equal Pay’ for Women

This paper disaggregates the pay gap between men and women into four possible ‘barriers’: access to paid work; part-time versus full-time jobs; entrance into higher-paid jobs; and similar pay for equivalent work. UK data from 1968 to 2012 are analyzed, to investigate these possible barriers. All four barriers have persisted for decades, and all four ‘barriers’ tend to work in favour of men. There is evidence of progress in gender equality since 1968 – for example, the 1970 ‘Equal Pay Act’ and 1975 ‘Sex Discrimination Act’ seem to have reduced inequality; but some forms of discrimination seem immune to attempted equality legislation and change.

Trends in Gender Equality in the UK 1968-2011: Four Barriers to 'Equal Pay' for Women

This paper disaggregates the pay gap between men and women into four possible ‘barriers’: access to paid work; part-time versus full-time jobs; entrance into higher-paid jobs; and similar pay for equivalent work. UK data from 1968 to 2012 are analyzed, to investigate these possible barriers. All four barriers have persisted for decades, and all four ‘barriers’ tend to work in favour of men. There is evidence of progress in gender equality since 1968 – for example, the 1970 ‘Equal Pay Act’ and 1975 ‘Sex Discrimination Act’ seem to have reduced inequality; but some forms of discrimination seem immune to attempted equality legislation and change

Time in the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel

This thesis aims to determine what is distinctive to the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973). While his work has largely been received as a form of 'Christian existentialism' (notably by Jean-Paul Sartre), and thus interpreted in relation to other philosophies of existence, it is my contention that this prevents an appreciation of his specificity. I therefore recommend a new reading of his thought, which, through analysis of his various philosophical presentations of time, re-situates him within the twentieth-century French intellectual tradition. Part I of the thesis provides an introduction to his philosophy of time, analysing his position in specific relation to Henri Bergson (1859-1941). Chapter One raises the question as to whether his position is then compromised by his engagement with eternity, for this seems to undermine time's significance. However, what begins to emerge from Chapter Two onward, is that such a question may be inappropriate with respect to Marcel's understanding of philosophy. Part II (Chapters Three and Four) then explores the implications that his work’s various modes have on the content of his arguments: first, the diary-form of his formative works and his (continuing) use of a first-person narrative style in his essays and lectures; and second, the (non-narrative) form of his theatre, to which Marcel also accorded philosophical significance. Here, Marcel is read alongside Paul Ricœur (1913-2005) and Emmanuel Lévinas (1906-1995), who also tried to approach philosophy differently – as is especially manifest in their conceptions of time. Finally, Part III (Chapter Five) reconsiders the relation between Marcel’s philosophy and religion, asking how his references to God affect the basis of his philosophy, and what this entails for interpreting time in his work. In light of these discussions, the conclusion then reflects on what philosophy is for Marcel, and how he should therefore be received

Gender Assignment to Spanish Pseudowords by Monolingual and Basque-Spanish Bilingual Children

This study examines gender marking in the Spanish of Basque-Spanish bilingual children. We analyze data collected via a production task designed to elicit 48 DPs, controlling for gender of referents and for number and types of morphological cues to grammatical gender. The goals were to determine the extent to which participants rely on biological cues (female referent =\u3eFEM gender, male referent =\u3eMASC gender) and morpho-phonological cues (-a ending =\u3eFEM, -o ending =\u3eMASC, others =\u3eMASC or FEM) to assign gender to pseudowords/novel words; and whether bilinguals’ language dominance (Spanish strong/weak) has an effect. Data were collected from 49 5- to 6-year-old Spanish-speaking children—28 monolingual L1 Spanish (L1Sp) and 21 Basque-dominant (L1 Basque-L2 Spanish) bilinguals (BDB). Results reveal a general preference for MASC gender across conditions, especially in BDB children, who produced masculine modifiers for 83% of items, while the L1Sp children did so for only 63% of items. Regression analyses show that for both groups, morphological cues have more weight than the nature of the referent in participants’ assignment of gender to novel words, and that the L1Sp group is more attentive to FEM morphological markers than the BDB group, pointing towards the existence of differences in the strength of cue-patterns for gender marking

La explotación sexual infantil online en Colombia

Artículo de investigaciónEn el presente artículo se busca identificar cuáles son las modalidades de explotación sexual infantil online. Para ello se realiza una conceptualización sobre lo que se entiende por infancia y adolescencia, luego la violencia infantil como fenómeno social y se caracteriza la dinámica y modalidades de dicha forma contemporánea de explotación sexual infantil. En segundo lugar, se caracterizar el tratamiento que a nivel internacional se da a los delitos sexuales contra menores de 18 años que ocurren a través de internet y se establecen los avances de la legislación nacional al respecto, y los puntos en los que se cree, debería mejorarse.40 p.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. Hacia una caracterización de las formas y modalidades de explotación sexual infantil Online. 2. Acceso a las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación en Colombia. 3. Legislación nacional e internacional contra la explotación sexual infantil online 4. Violencia sexual contra menores en internet. Manifestaciones concretas y retos para su prevención y mitigación. 5.Conclusiones 4.Recomendaciones BibliografíaPregradoAbogad

Body Size and Growth Rate Influence Emigration Timing of Oncorhynchus mykiss

Juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss migrate extensively in freshwater during fall. We used individual tagging to study the spatial origin, influences, and outcomes of fall migration on fish that emigrated from summer rearing tributaries during fall (early-emigrants) and those that did not (late-emigrants) in the South Fork John Day River, Oregon. Fall migration amplified body size differences between early and late-emigrants. There were more early-emigrants from a lower gradient stream than from a higher gradient stream. Early-emigration was positively related to individual summer growth rate and fall body size. Oncorhynchus mykiss dispersed downstream into higher order streams during fall. Early-emigrants shifted to an alternative location and experienced significantly greater winter growth compared to late-emigrants that remained in tributaries. Early-emigrants initiated smolt migration sooner the following spring than late-emigrants. Early and late-emigration from the South Fork John Day was associated with asynchronous emigrant-to-adult survival rates.This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current#.UtczUhC2zB8

The influence of release strategy and migration history on capture rate of Oncorhynchus mykiss in a rotary screw trap

Rotary screw traps are used throughout the West Coast of North America to capture emigrating juvenile salmonids. Calibrating the capture efficiency of each trap is essential for valid estimates of fish passage. We released Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tagged Oncorhynchus mykiss upstream of a rotary screw trap in the South Fork John Day River, Oregon to estimate capture efficiency. We used three strategies for release of fish recently captured in the trap. We recaptured 28% of medium-size fish (86–145 mm fork length) and 14% of large-size fish (146–230 mm fork length) released during daylight 1.6 km upstream of the trap. We recaptured 33% of medium-size fish and 17% of large-size fish released during daylight 4.8 km upstream of the trap. We recaptured 42% of medium-size fish and 23% of large-size fish released at twilight 1.8 km upstream of the trap. A PIT antenna detected summer tagged parr (which were PIT tagged upstream 1–5 months before migration) as they approached the trap to evaluate potential bias from reduced recapture of recently trapped fish. We captured 53% of the medium-size first-time migrants and 40% of the large-size first-time migrants. Although average capture efficiencies of first-time migrants were greater than any of the three recently trapped fish strategies, twilight releases of recently trapped fish were least negatively biased, especially for medium-size fish