Klinička efikasnost miksture natrijum-perborata i vodonik-peroksida za intrakoronarno izbeljivanje depulpisanih zuba

Introduction/Objective the aim was to evaluate initial efficiency of sodium perborate (tetrahydrate) and 30% hydrogen peroxide mixture for intracoronal non-vital teeth bleaching ("walking bleach" technique). Methods Forty patients with discolored teeth were included in the study. Based on their history and clinical examination, causes of discoloration were classified as necrotic pulp, "endo-sealer" or unknown. The "walking bleach" technique was performed by applying sodium perborate (tetrahydrate) and 30% hydrogen peroxide mixture intracoronally to cavity dentin walls. The mixture was renewed in seven-day intervals. Tooth color was assessed visually before, during, and after the procedure using the Vita Classical shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany). Numerical values or shade guide units (SGU) were assigned to Vita shade tabs on a bright-dark scale. Analysis of variance, t-test, correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data (p lt 0.05). Results on average, 26 ± 9 days or 3-4 appointments were required for intracoronal bleaching to achieve the desired or best possible shade. Better clinical efficiency was found in the necrotic pulp group (17 ± 6 days; 8 ± 3 SGU) than in the "endo-sealer" group (42 ± 13 days; 4 ± 2 SGU) (p lt 0.05). Age significantly influenced bleaching efficiency (p lt 0.05). There was no significant correlation between bleaching efficiency and initial shade (p > 0.05). Conclusion Intracoronal, non-vital teeth bleaching ("walking bleach" technique) using sodium perborate (tetrahydrate) and 30% hydrogen peroxide mixture showed satisfactory clinical efficiency. Discoloration caused by pulp necrosis was treated more efficiently than that caused by endodontic sealers. Younger age had a positive effect and discoloration intensity had no effect on bleaching efficiency.Cilj Cilj ovog rada je da ispita inicijalnu kliničku efikasnost miksture natrijum-perborata (tetrahidrata) i 30% vodonik-peroksida za intrakoronarno izbeljivanje depulpisanih zuba (,,šetajuća" tehnika). Metode U studiju je bilo uključeno 40 pacijenata sa prebojenim zubima. Na bazi anamneze i kliničkog pregleda, uzroci diskoloracije su klasifikovani kao "nekrotična pulpa", ,,endo-siler" ili ,,nepoznat". U intervalima od sedam dana mikstura natrijum-perborata i 30% vodonik-peroksida aplikovana je intrakoronarno na dentinske zidove kaviteta. Boja zuba je procenjivana vizuelnom metodom pre, tokom i posle tretmana primenom ključa boja Vita Classic (Vita Zahnfabrik, Nemačka). Numerička vrednost (jedinica nijanse) dodeljena je svakoj nijansi ključa Vita pomoću svetlo-tamne skale. Analiza varijanse, t-test, korelaciona i regresiona analiza su korišćene za statističku obradu podataka (p lt 0,05). Rezultati Prosečno 26 ± 9 dana ili 3-4 posete su bile neophodne da se intrakoronarnim izbeljivanjem postignu željena ili najsvetlija moguća nijansa. Bolja klinička efikasnost izbeljivanja zabeležena je u grupi ,,nekrotična pulpa" (17 ± 6 dana; 8 ± 3 nijansi) nego u grupi ,,endo-siler" (42 ± 13 dana; 4 ± 2 nijanse) (p lt 0,05). Uzrast pacijenta je značajno uticao na efikasnost izbeljivanja (p lt 0,05). Nije utvrđena značajna povezanost između efikasnosti izbeljivanja i početne nijanse (p > 0,05). Zaključak Intrakoronarno izbeljivanje depulpisanih zuba odnosno "šetajuća" tehnika izbeljivanja primenom miksture natrijum-perborata (tetrahidrata) i 30% vodonik-peroksida pokazala je zadovoljavajuću kliničku efikasnost. Diskoloracija usled nekroze pulpe je uspešnije izbeljena nego diskoloracija izazvana endodontskim pastama. Efikasnije izbeljivanje je zabeleženo kod mlađih pacijenata, dok intenzitet početne diskoloracije nije značajno uticao na efikasnost izbeljivanja

Regular Dog-Walking Improves Physical Capacity in Elderly Patients after Myocardial Infarction

Various positive effects of pet ownership on cardiovascular health are well known. The aim of this prospective and controlled longitudinal study was to determine the effects of everyday dog-walking on physical capacity in elderly patients during the first year after myocardial infarction. Regularly dog-walking for at least 15 minutes three times a day is related to significantly higher work load on the bicycle exercise test (72.5 ± 10.75 versus 67.6 ± 11.6 W, p<0.05) in the »dog-walking« group (N=29, mean age 72.5 years) at 12 months compared to the control group (N=30, mean age 71.7 years). Our results suggest that dogs may help to maintain continuous physical activity in elderly cardiovascular patients promoting their physical capacity. Further researches are needed to confirm this association as well to identify other possible influences of dog ownership on the cardiovascular health and on the outcome in patients after myocardial infarction

Phthalate esters in glass jar metal lids from Serbian markets

Phthalate esters are plasticizers which are used to impart flexibility in PVC resins but also in other resins such as polyvinyl acetates and polyurethanes. A wide range of consumer products contain specific members of this family of chemicals. Phthalate plasticizers are not chemically bound to PVC. Because of that they can enter the environment through losses during manufacturing processes and by leaching from final products [1]. Phthalate esters are suspected of having endocrine disrupting properties [2,3]. Exposure to high concentrations was shown to induce fetal death, cancer, liver and kidney injury and reproductive toxicity in animals [4,5,6]. Due to growing health concerns and environmental awareness, producers all over the world are increasingly forced to use non-phthalate plasticizers. However, phthalate esters are still found in many products, even in those which are used for food packaging and storage. The aim of our study was investigation of glass jar metal lids for presence of phthalate esters. Different glass jars with screw-on metal lids were bought at supermarkets in Belgrade, Serbia. All metal lids had a plastic seal ring that goes between the glass lid and the rim of the jar. The glass jars were washed according to the usual laboratory procedure, filled with distilled water, closed with screw-on metal lids and left upside-down for three days at room temperature. The water from glass jars was extracted with hexane. Hexane extracts were dried with Na2SO4, and evaporated to dryness under stream of nitrogen. Masses of all extracts were 0.2 mg. Procedural blank - a control sample containing distilled water in a glass jar without a metal lid was analyzed according to the same procedure. The resulting mass was negligible. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–MS was conducted using an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (HP5-MS column, 30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness, He carrier gas, 1.5 cm3 min-1), coupled to an Agilent 5975C mass selective detector (70 eV). GC-MS analysis revealed that most of the compounds identified in these extracts were phthalate esters. However, the lids were divided into two distinct groups, based on the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol chain of the phthalate esters identified. One group contained phthalate esters with long alkyl chains (9, 10 or more C atoms). The second group contained phthalate esters with short alkyl chains (usually 4C atoms) with different degree of branching. Typical for the second group of lids were also squalene and 13-docosenamide, common plastic additives. It can be concluded that, regardless of the type of the containing phthalate esters, 0.2 mg of these compounds can migrate from the investigated metal lids into distilled water with which it is in contact, during three days at room temperature. Considering the composition of food products which are usually packed in this kind of containers but also the fact that the increased temperature is usually used during their production process, it can be presumed that migration of phthalate esters from metal lids into the food products contained in the glass jars might be even higher

Phthalate esters in glass jar metal lids from Serbian markets

Phthalate esters are plasticizers which are used to impart flexibility in PVC resins but also in other resins such as polyvinyl acetates and polyurethanes. A wide range of consumer products contain specific members of this family of chemicals. Phthalate plasticizers are not chemically bound to PVC. Because of that they can enter the environment through losses during manufacturing processes and by leaching from final products [1]. Phthalate esters are suspected of having endocrine disrupting properties [2,3]. Exposure to high concentrations was shown to induce fetal death, cancer, liver and kidney injury and reproductive toxicity in animals [4,5,6]. Due to growing health concerns and environmental awareness, producers all over the world are increasingly forced to use non-phthalate plasticizers. However, phthalate esters are still found in many products, even in those which are used for food packaging and storage. The aim of our study was investigation of glass jar metal lids for presence of phthalate esters. Different glass jars with screw-on metal lids were bought at supermarkets in Belgrade, Serbia. All metal lids had a plastic seal ring that goes between the glass lid and the rim of the jar. The glass jars were washed according to the usual laboratory procedure, filled with distilled water, closed with screw-on metal lids and left upside-down for three days at room temperature. The water from glass jars was extracted with hexane. Hexane extracts were dried with Na2SO4, and evaporated to dryness under stream of nitrogen. Masses of all extracts were 0.2 mg. Procedural blank - a control sample containing distilled water in a glass jar without a metal lid was analyzed according to the same procedure. The resulting mass was negligible. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–MS was conducted using an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (HP5-MS column, 30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness, He carrier gas, 1.5 cm3 min-1), coupled to an Agilent 5975C mass selective detector (70 eV). GC-MS analysis revealed that most of the compounds identified in these extracts were phthalate esters. However, the lids were divided into two distinct groups, based on the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol chain of the phthalate esters identified. One group contained phthalate esters with long alkyl chains (9, 10 or more C atoms). The second group contained phthalate esters with short alkyl chains (usually 4C atoms) with different degree of branching. Typical for the second group of lids were also squalene and 13-docosenamide, common plastic additives. It can be concluded that, regardless of the type of the containing phthalate esters, 0.2 mg of these compounds can migrate from the investigated metal lids into distilled water with which it is in contact, during three days at room temperature. Considering the composition of food products which are usually packed in this kind of containers but also the fact that the increased temperature is usually used during their production process, it can be presumed that migration of phthalate esters from metal lids into the food products contained in the glass jars might be even higher

Osetljivost kompozitnih materijala na ambijentalnu svetlost i kliničko radno vreme

Introduction. The aim of this study was to determine sensitivity of composite materials to ambient light by a modified standard ISO 4049:2000 and clinical working time. Materials and Methods. The following materials were tested: nano-hybrid Herculite XRV Ultra (Kerr), micro-hybrid Herculite XRV (Kerr), Zmack (Zhermack), SuperCor (SpofaDental) and Valux Plus (3M ESPE). Five samples in each group were exposed to ambient light of 8000 lx, which comprised dental unit light and natural light. After 60 sec of exposure, each sample was visually examined for signs of inhomogeneity meaning that material did not pass the test. Clinical working time was studied by applying a custom-built, standardized indenter into composite specimens of about 2 mm thickness during the same exposure to ambient light. Completion of polymerization was tested by dissolving samples in ethanol and measuring the difference in thickness before and after the test. Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA at the significance level of 0.05. Results. Only Herculite XRV Ultra passed the test of sensitivity to ambient light, while other materials showed signs of inhomogeneity. Herculite XRV Ultra showed significantly longer working time than other composites, the average was 250 sec (p lt 0.05). The mean values of working time for other materials ranged between 117-131 sec and there was no significant difference between them (p>0.05). Conclusion. Due to the lower sensitivity to ambient light and significantly longer clinical working time compared to micro-hybrid composites, Herculite XRV Ultra can be recommended for clinical procedures that require prolonged working time with material in plastic condition.Uvod. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi osetljivost kompozita na ambijentalnu svetlost prema modifikovanom standardu ISO 4049:2000 i kliničko radno vreme kompozita. Materijal i metode rada. U radu su ispitivani sledeći materijali: nanohibridni Herculite XRV Ultra (Kerr) i mikrohibridni Herculite XRV (Kerr), Zmack (Zhermack), SuperCor (SpofaDental) i ValuxPlus (3MESPE ). Po pet uzoraka u svakoj grupi je izlagano ambijentalnoj svetlosti od 8000 lx, koja se sastojala od svetlosti dentalnog reflektora i prirodne svetlosti. Nakon 60 sekundi ekspozicije svaki uzorak je vizuelno ispitivan u pogledu znakova nehomogenosti, pa ukoliko ih je bilo, smatralo se da materijal nije prošao test. Kliničko radno vreme je ispitivano utiskivanjem standardizovanog utiskivača u uzorak kompozita debljine oko 2 mm tokom izlaganja istoj ambijentalnoj svetlosti. Kontrola završene polimerizacije izvršena je rastvaranjem uzoraka u etanolu i merenjem debljine uzoraka pre i posle testa. Rezultati su statistički obrađeni primenom jednofaktorske analize varijanse (ANOVA) na nivou značajnosti od 0,05. Rezultati. Samo je Herculite XRV Ultra prošao test osetljivosti na ambijentalnu svetlost, dok su kod ostalih kompozita uočeni znaci nehomogenosti materijala. Herculite XRV Ultra je pokazao i statistički značajno duže radno vreme od drugih kompozita, prosečno 250 sekundi (p lt 0,05). Srednje vrednosti radnog vremena drugih materijala bile su 117-131 sekunda, a između njih nisu postojale značajne razlike (p>0,05). Zaključak. Zbog manje osetljivosti na ambijentalnu svetlost i značajno dužeg kliničkog radnog vremena u poređenju sa mikrohibridnim kompozitima, Herculi te XRV Ultra se može preporučiti za kliničke procedure koje zahtevaju produženo vreme rada s plastičnim materijalom. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON172007

Karakteristike antigena utiču na efekte stresa na humoralni imunski odgovor u pacova

The objective of the present study was to explore whether the suppressive effect of electric stress (ES) on the immune response in rats was limited to the particular antigen given concomitantly with ES. Therefore, the influence of simultaneous exposure to stress and immunization with an unrelated antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH) on the humoral immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. Specific anti-KLH antibody levels were also determined in rats exposed to ES and concomitantly immunized with BSA. Five daily sessions of ES or immunization with KLH 2 weeks prior to immunization with BSA did not influence the secondary humoral immune response to BSA, but concomitant exposure to ES and immunization with KLH significantly decreased it. Conversely, the primary humoral immune response to KLH was suppressed by exposure of the animals to ES at the time of immunization with KLH, as well as at the time of the immunization with BSA 2 weeks later. It is suggested that the suppressive effect of ES on the humoral immune response is not specific for a certain antigen. However, the chemical and immunological characteristics of the antigens shaped the profile of stress-induced immune changes with respect to the sensitivity of the primary and secondary immune response and the duration of the effect.Cilj rada bio je da se utvrdi da li je supresivni efekat električnog stresa (ES) na imunski odgovor specifičan za antigen kojim su pacovi imunizovani u vreme izlaganja ES. Ispitivan je uticaj istovremene primene stresa i imunizacije sa nesrodnim antigenom (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH) na humoralni imunski odgovor prema goveđem serum albuminu (GSA). Takođe su određivana i specifična anti-KLH antitela u serumima pacova koji su bili istovremeno izloženi stresu i imunizovani sa GSA. Rezultati su pokazali da ni petodnevni ES, ni imunizacija sa KLH dve nedelje pre imunizacije sa GSA nisu uticali na nivo anti- GSA antitela, za razliku od istovremenog izlaganja ES i imunizacije sa GSA koji su značajno suprimirali sekundarni humoralni imunski odgovor prema GSA. Nasuprot tome, primarni humoralni imunski odgovor prema KLH je bio suprimiran u pacova koji su bili izloženi stresu tokom imunizacije sa KLH, ali i kod onih koji su bili izloženi stresu dve nedelje kasnije odnosno tokom imunizacije sa GSA. Naši rezultati ukazuju da supresivni efekat stresa na imunski odgovor nije specifičan za određen antigen, kao i da hemijske i imunološke osobine antigena značajno utiču na kvalitet promena izazvanih stresom u pogledu osetljivosti primarnog i sekundarnog imunskog odgovora na stres i trajanja efekata stresa

Temperature changes in the pulp chamber induced by polymerization of resin-based dental restoratives following simulated direct pulp capping

The objective of this study was to measure temperature changes in the pulp chamber induced by polymerization of resin-based dental restoratives following a simulated procedure of direct pulp capping. Class I cavities with a microperforation at the pulp horn were prepared in extracted human molar teeth. The complete procedure of direct pulp capping and cavity restoration was performed with the root part of extracted teeth fixed in a water bath at 37 degrees C. Mineral trioxide aggregate, bioactive dentin substitute or calcium-hydroxide paste were used as pulp capping materials. Cavities were restored with a light-cured or chemically-cured resin-modified glass ionomer, universal adhesive and a bulk-fill composite, cured with a high-intensity LED unit. Pulp capping materials caused a slight temperature decrease. Lower temperature increase was recorded during light-curing of the glass ionomer liner after direct capping with mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium-hydroxide than that recorded for the bioactive dentin substitute. Adhesive light-curing increased temperature in all groups with higher mean temperatures in groups with chemically-cured as compared to those for the light-cured glass ionomer liner. Direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate or calcium-hydroxide followed by the light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer liner and a bonded bulk-fill composite restoration induced temperature changes below the potentially adverse threshold of 42.5 degrees C

Produkcija H2O2 i NO peritonealnih makrofaga pacova u odgovoru na crevne komensalne bakterije

The importance of commensal bacteria in the immune system development and its involvement in the etiopatogenetic mechanisms of complex multifactorial and multigenic diseases is well documented. The aim of the present study was to compare the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) produced by resident peritoneal macrophages from the autoimmune disease susceptible Dark Agouti (DA) rats vs. resistant Albino Oxford (AO) rat strain, under basal conditions and subsequent to in vitro stimulation with gut commensals. Following the stimulation with phorbol myristil acetate (PMA), E. coli/PMA or P. mirabilis/PMA, AO rats macrophages have produced significantly higher levels of H2O2 compared to the cells from DA rats. Strain differences in NO production were not detected under basal conditions and after the stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and P. mirabilis. However, after the in vitro stimulation with E. coli, AO rats macrophages have produced higher levels of NO compared to DA rats macrophages. Our results demonstrated that macrophages from AO rats have higher potential to produce H2O2 and NO in response to specific commensal bacteria when compared to DA rats. A possible relationship between the macrophage activity in response to commensal bacteria and the susceptibility to induction of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases in AO and DA rat strains is suggested.Poznato je da komensalna crevna flora ima značajnu ulogu u razvoju imunskog sistema kao i u etiopatogenezi kompleksnih multifaktorijalnih i multigenetskih bolesti. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se uporedi produkcija vodonik peroksida (H2O2) i azot monoksida (NO) peritonealnih makrofaga dva inbredna soja pacova, od kojih je jedan osetljiv (Dark Agouti, DA), a drugi rezistentan (Albino Oxford, AO) na indukciju autoimunskih bolesti, kako u bazalnim uslovima tako i nakon in vitro stimulacije makrofaga sa crevnim komensalima. Nakon stimulacije sa forbol miristil acetatom (PMA), E. coli/PMA and P. mirabilis/PMA makrofage AO pacova su produkovale značajno više H2O2 u poređenju sa makrofagama DA pacova. Nisu detektovane sojne razlike u produkciji NO u bazalnim uslovima, kao ni posle stimulacije sa lipopolisaharidom i P. mirabilis. Međutim, nakon in vitro stimulacije sa E. coli makrofage AO pacova su produkovale više NO u odnosu na makrofage DA pacova. Naši rezultati su ukazali da makrofage AO pacova imaju veći potencijal za produkciju H2O2 i NO u odgovoru na specifične komensalne bakterije. Ova različita aktivnost makrofaga može biti u vezi sa različitom osetljivošću na indukciju autoimunskih/inflamatornih bolesti kod DA i AO soja pacova

Strain differences and the role for HSP47 and HSP70 in adjuvant arthritis in rats

Because of high sequence homology between microbial and endogenous heat shock proteins (HSP), immunological cross-reactivity to microbial HSP has been suggested as a possible cause of the development of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The present study aimed to determine a potential role of HSP47, a molecular chaperone involved in the synthesis and assembly of collagen molecules, and microbial HSP71 (mHSP71) in adjuvant arthritis (AA) in two rat strains: Dark Agouti (DA), susceptible to AA induction and Albino Oxford (AO), which is resistant to AA induction. Immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced an increased expression of HSP47 in joints of DA rats, which exhibited severe clinical signs of AA at the time of disease peak, while this protein was not detectable in joints of AO rats. In contrast, no strain differences in HSP72 (rat analogue of mHSP71) expressions in joints were observed. The increased levels of anti-HSP47 antibodies were detected in sera of DA rats during the AA peak, while the immunization with CFA increased levels of anti-mHSP71 antibodies in sera of AO rats. HSP47 and mHSP71 reduced proliferation of draining inguinal lymph node cells (LNC) in resistant AO rat strain, leading to a hypothesis that both HSP participated in AA control. Finally, mHSP71 potentiated the apoptotic response of LNC in susceptible DA rat strain. In conclusion, our findings indicate involvement of HSP47 in the development of AA in the rat, and point out to the regulatory role for both HSP47 and mHSP71

Fenotipske promene izazvane imunizacijom encefalitogenom menjaju funkcije peritonealnih makrofaga u dva soja pacova različite osetljivosti prema indukciji eksperimentalnog autoimunskog encefalomijelitisa (EAE).

We have investigated the phenotype of peritoneal cells and the functions of peritoneal macrophages obtained from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-susceptible Dark Agouti (DA) and EAE-resistant Albino Oxford (AO) rat strains on days 1, 3 and 7 post immunization with encephalitogen. Resident peritoneal cells from immunized and non-immunized rats of both strains were subjected to flow cytometric analyzes and after adherence were tested for zymosan phagocytosis, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) production. In non-immunized rats, macrophages from the DA rat strain phagocytosed more zymosan but produced less H2O2 than cells from the AO strain, while both strains produced comparable amounts of NO. Immunization increased phagocytosis in DA rats' cells, but decreased both phagocytosis and H2O2 production in cells from AO rats. Overall higher phagocyte ability in DA rats was associated with a significantly larger population of ED1+ cells (macrophages and dendritic cells), in contrast to a more pronounced expression of ED2 antigen (resident macrophages) on cells from AO rats. Immunization also increased the expression of CD11b molecule on non-resident ED2-macrophages of DA, but not of AO rats. The early and subtle phenotype changes in peritoneal cells of both rat strains might mirror the mechanism contributing to their different sensitivity to the induction of autoimmunity.Ispitivan je fenotip peritonealnih ćelija, kao i funkcije peritonealnih makrofaga, izolovanih od pacova Dark Agouti (DA) soja osetljivog na indukciju eksperimentalnog autoimunskog encefalomijelitisa (EAE) i pacova Albino Oxford (AO) soja koji je rezistentan prema EAE-u, 1, 3. i 7. dana nakon imunizacije encefalitogenom. Rezidentne peritonealne ćelije su ispitivane metodom protočne citofluorometrije, a zatim je nakon adherence testirana njihova sposobnost fagocitoze čestica zimozana i kapacitet produkcije vodonik peroksida (H2O2) i azot monoksida (NO). U neimunizovanih pacova makrofage DA soja su intenzivnije fagocitovale čestice zimozana i imale nižu sposobnost produkcije H2O2 nego ćelije pacova AO soja, ali nije bilo sojnih razlika u sposobnosti produkcije NO. Imunizacija je dovela do povećanja fagocitne sposobnosti makrofaga DA pacova, ali i do smanjenja fagocitoze i produkcije H2O2 makrofaga pacova AO soja. Generalno veću sposobnost fagocitoze u DA pacova prati i značajno veća zastupljenost ED1+ ćelija (koje čine uglavnom makrofage i dendritične ćelije) nasuprot većoj zastupljenosti ED2 antigena (marker rezidentnih makrofaga) na ćelijama pacova AO soja. Imunizacija encefalitogenom je takođe dovela do povećanja ekspresije CD11b molekula na nerezidentnim ED2- ćelijama pacova DA, ali ne i AO soja. Rane i diskretne fenotipske promene na peritonealnim ćelijama pacova oba soja verovatno odslikavaju mehanizme koji doprinose njhovoj različitoj osetljivosti prema indukciji autoimunskih oboljenja