The Influence of Hydrocarbon-Oxidizing Auxin-Producing Bacteria on the Growth, Biochemical Parameters, and Hormonal Status of Barley Plants in the Process of Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soil

Взаимосвязи бактерий и растений в процессе биоремедиации почв, загрязненных нефтью, уделяется много внимания, однако воздействие бактерий-деструкторов нефти, синтезирующих фитогормоны, на содержание и распределение этих соединений в самих растениях, исследовано слабо. Целью полевого опыта было изучение влияния углеводородокисляющих бактерий, продуцирующих ауксины, на ростовые, биохимические показатели и гормональный статус растений ячменя в присутствии нефти и перспективы применения их ассоциаций для очистки почвы, содержащей нефть (в среднем 2,7 %). Обработка растений штаммами Enterobacter sp. UOM 3 и Pseudomonas hunanensis IB C7 приводила к увеличению длины и массы корней и побегов, индекса листовой поверхности и улучшению показателей элементов структуры урожая, которые были угнетены под воздействием поллютанта. В результате бактеризации повышалось содержание хлорофилла, флавоноидов и снижалось количество пролина. Наиболее заметным проявлением влияния бактерий на гормональную систему растений было уменьшение накопления абсцизовой кислоты. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что интродукция микроорганизмов ослабляла для растений негативные последствия абиотического стресса, вызванного присутствием нефти. Совместное применение бактерий-нефтедеструкторов и растений эффективнее снижало содержание углеводородов в почве и увеличивало ее микробиологическую активность по сравнению с использованием их по отдельности. Изученные микробно-растительные комплексы признаны перспективными для биоремедиации нефтезагрязненных почвExtensive research has been done to investigate the relationship between bacteria and plants in the process of bioremediation of soils contaminated with oil, but the effect of oil-degrading bacteria that synthesize phytohormones on the content and distribution of these compounds in plants has been poorly studied. The aim of the field experiment was to study the effect of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria producing auxins on the growth, biochemical parameters, and hormonal status of barley plants in the presence of oil and the prospects for using bacterial-plant associations for treating soil that contains oil (2.7 %, on average). Treatment of plants with cultures of Enterobacter sp. UOM 3 and Pseudomonas hunanensis IB C7 led to an increase in the length and mass of roots and shoots and the leaf surface index and an improvement in the parameters of the components of the crop structure that were suppressed by the pollutant. As a result of bacterization, the contents of chlorophyll and flavonoids increased, and the amount of proline decreased. The most noticeable effect of bacteria on the hormonal system of plants was a decrease in the accumulation of abscisic acid. The data obtained indicate that the treatment of plants with bacterial cultures alleviated the negative consequences of abiotic stress caused by the presence of oil for plants. The use of oil-degrading bacteria and plants in combination rather than separately more effectively reduced the content of hydrocarbons in the soil and increased its microbiological activity. The microbial-plant combinations studied in this work are regarded as promising for the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil

Asunto-osakeyhtiön asiakirjojen tulkintaopas

Asunto-osakeyhtiö on yksi yleisimmistä omistusasumisen muodoista Suomessa. Noin puolet suomalaisista asuu asunto-osakeyhtiöissä. Sijoittajana asunnon omistaja pyrkii asunnon arvon säilyttämiseen. Asunto-osakeyhtiön kiinteistön ja rakennusten käytöstä ja kunnossapidosta aiheutuvat kustannukset katetaan osakkeenomistajien toimesta. Asunto-osakkeenomistajan olisi tärkeää olla perillä oman taloyhtiönsä taloudesta ja kunnosta sekä osallistua aktiivisesti päätöksentekoon. Tämän toiminnallisen opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on auttaa asunto-osakkeenomistajia ja ostajia tulkitsemaan asunto-osakeyhtiön asiakirjoja ja edistää aktiivisempaa osallistumista taloyhtiön asioihin. Opinnäytetyön tuloksena syntyi Asunto-osakeyhtiön asiakirjojen tulkintaopas. Opinnäytetyössä perehdyttiin asunto-osakeyhtiön asiakirjoihin ja keskeisiin käsitteisiin. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys koostuu laista, asetuksista, kirjanpitolautakunnan ohjeista ja alan kirjallisuudesta. Tässä tutkimuksessa sovellettiin laadullista aineistonkeruumenetelmää. Oppaan laatimisen tueksi haastateltiin asunto-osakkeenomistajia. Teemahaastattelujen avulla selvitettiin, mitkä asiakirjat ja käsitteet olisi tarkoituksenmukaista sisällyttää oppaaseen. Tutkimuksen tuloksena kävi ilmi, että asunto-osakeyhtiön asiakirjojen tulkinta on haasteellista jopa sellaisille henkilöille, joilla on taloushallinnon osaamista. Huolestuttavana seikkana esille nousi se, että osa osakkeenomistajista ei ole edes yrittänyt perehtyä asunto-osakeyhtiön asiakirjoihin tulkintavaikeuksien takia. Haastatteluista ilmeni myös osakkeenomistajien vaikeus ymmärtää tilinpäätöstä, erityisesti taseen eriä, ja tietämättömyys asiakirjojen, kuten yhtiöjärjestyksen ja isännöitsijäntodistuksen, sisällöstä. Oppaassa on kiinnitetty erityistä huomiota sellaisiin asiakirjoihin ja käsitteisiin, jotka aiheuttavat eniten haasteita osakkeenomistajille

The Phyloperiodic Approach Removes the “Cryptic Species” and Puts forward Multilevel Organismal Diversity

The notion of the “cryptic species” has recently become an important agenda in biodiversity research. In this study, we show, by applying a periodic-like morphological and molecular framework to the nudibranch genus Cadlina from the world’s least explored locations in the Kuril Islands in the northwestern Pacific, including a description of six new species, that the term “cryptic species” should be removed from biodiversity research terminology. We explicitly show that different species of this complex have various degrees of molecular phylogenetic distances and morphological distinctness, revealing a truly multilevel system of fine-scale differences and similarities. Therefore, to designate any of these species as “cryptic” or “non-cryptic” would be completely arbitrary, non-operational, and generally meaningless. By this, we finally strongly propose to remove the notion of “crypticity” and the term “cryptic species” (in the sense of an “indistinguishable species”) from the arsenal of modern biology, including phylogeny and taxonomy. The importance of fine-scale species differentiation in the multilevel framework is shown for addressing conservation and global warming challenges. Six new species are named after scientists who have not always received the honours they deserve, including two women who did not receive their respective Nobel Prizes

Adalaria ultima Martynov & Korshunova 2017, sp. nov.

<i>Adalaria ultima</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 1, 3; 5B)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0684148E-3C12-4BEE-9C6D-CB33842EC258</p> <p> <b>Type Material.</b> Holotype, ZMMU Op-551 (21 mm length), NW Pacific Ocean, Okhotsk Sea, Sakhalinsky Bay, depth 95 m, collector not known, 1985. Paratypes, 2 specimens, ZMMU Op-552, NW Pacific Ocean, Japan Sea, off Moneron Island, depth 40–60 m, collector not known, 29.08.1978.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Okhotsk Sea, Sakhalinsky Bay.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named in reference to the remote far eastern range of this species in the north-west Pacific compared to the high latitude Arctic habitat of the related species <i>A. rossica</i>. <i>Ultimus</i> in Latin means far, and is an adjective.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> External morphology. The length of the preserved holotype is 21 mm and 7 mm wide (Fig. 3 A– B). The lengths of two preserved paratypes are 12 mm and 19.5 mm, their widths 4 mm and 7 mm. The notum is moderately broad, rounded in front and posteriorly. The rhinophores are long and retracted into sheaths with smooth edges, except for several tubercles of various size that are connected to the edge of each sheath. There are 12–19 rhinophoral lamellae. The notum is densely covered with slender, narrow, elongated tubercles. Tubercules are alike all over the notum, narrow and elongated (Fig. 3 A). Larger tubercles are regularly intermingled with smaller ones. The rays of spicules radiating from the bases of tubercles form a sort of network under the surface of the soft notum. The spicules are not conspicuous externally. The gill cavity is absent. Eleven to twelve uni- and bipinnate gills form an almost complete semicircle around the anus, and one tubercle may be present just behind the anus. The large oral veil consists of two pairs of processes: a single, broad trapezoid upper triangular projection that is not medially fused with the hyponotum, and two flattened lobes below (Fig. 3 B). The foot is broad, anteriorly rounded, with no labium.</p> <p> <b>Colour.</b> The living specimens are light yellowish white. The gills and rhinophores are more yellowish. There are no conspicuous white spots on the body and tubercles.</p> <p> <b>Anatomy.</b> <i>Digestive system</i>. The anterior part of the buccal bulb is modified into oval buccal pump without distinct stalk (Fig. 3 C, D). The buccal pump is fully banded by a relatively narrow peripheral muscle (Fig. 3 D). The lateral parts of the buccal pump are provided with thin muscular fibres. The salivary glands are rounded (Fig. 3 C). The rounded labial disk is covered by yellowish cuticle without evident labial elements. The radular formula of the holotype is 37 x 1 –10.1.1.1.10–1. The central tooth is small, rectangular, and folded (Figs 3 F, G). The first lateral tooth has a long, wide base and a strong nearly straight and smooth cusp (Fig. 3 G). The outer denticles gradually reduce in size towards the internal ones. Outer lateral teeth have slightly elongated bases, with a curved, hooked cusp on its lateral corner; all are similar in size and shape (Fig. 3 G). The stomach is relatively small and narrow (Fig. 3 E), a stomach caecum is absent.</p> <p> <i>Circulatory system</i>. In the pericardial sac a triangular posterior auricle and a smaller sized oval ventricle are present (Fig. 3 E). The blood gland lies above central nervous system and encompasses both posterior and anterior lobes.</p> <p> <i>Central nervous system</i>. The cerebral and pleural ganglia are clearly separated. The optic nerve is short. The eyes are small and black. The pedal ganglia are similar in size to the cerebrals. The rhinophoral ganglia are globular. The buccal ganglia are slightly oval. Gastroesophageal ganglia are not differentiated. Five to six pairs of cerebral nerves, three to four pleural nerves, and three pedal ones are detected.</p> <p> <i>Reproductive system</i>. (Figs 3 E, 5B). The ampulla is short, thick, not coiled (Fig. 5 B, a). The post-ampullar duct bifurcates into a long vas deferens and a short proximal oviduct. The long convoluted thick prostate (Fig. 5 B, pr) transits to a long single-looped penial sheath, which contains several thick loops of the ejaculatory duct (Figs 3 E, 5B, psh). The penial sheath and the ejaculatory duct (penis) are long and thick, without spines (Figs 3 B; 5B, p). The large globular bursa copulatrix enters into the vagina via a short narrow stalk (Fig. 5 B, b). The seminal receptacle is hidden within female gland mass (Figs 3 E, 5B, fgm).</p> <p> <b>Biology.</b> The specimens were found predominantly on a mixed stony and sandy ground, at 40–106 m depth.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Okhotsk Sea, the northern parts of the Sea of Japan.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> A morphological review of all known species of the genus <i>Adalaria</i> has been published recently (Martynov <i>et al.</i> 2009). The only morphologically similar species to <i>Adalaria ultima</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is <i>A. rossica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> described above. However, <i>A. ultima</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is distinguished from the Arctic species by elongate, and not rounded tubercles in the middle part of the notum, a short non-coiled ampulla, and a larger bursa copulatrix. Because all material of this species was preserved in formalin a molecular analysis could not be performed. When molecular data will be available for <i>A. ultima</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> its phylogenetic relationship to the other species can be revisited.</p>Published as part of <i>Martynov, Alexander & Korshunova, Tatiana, 2017, World's northenmost and rarely observed Nudibranchs: three new Onchidoridid species (Gastropoda: Doridida) from Russian seas, pp. 391-404 in Zootaxa 4299 (3)</i> on pages 396-398, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4299.3.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/836042">http://zenodo.org/record/836042</a&gt

Adalaria rossica Martynov & Korshunova 2017, sp. nov.

<i>Adalaria rossica</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 1, 2; 5A)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:192632D5-29F7-4857-BB60-6B4101509884</p> <p> <b>Type Material.</b> Holotype, ZMMU Op-548, (19.5 mm length, 11 mm width fixed), Arctic Ocean, Franz Josef Land, Kuhn Island, 18–31 m, leg. O.V. Savinkin, 16.08.2013. Paratypes, ZMMU Op-549, 1 specimen (16 mm length, 13.5 mm width, fixed), Arctic Ocean, Franz Josef Land, Heiss Island, 9–25 m, stones, sand, sta. G13, leg. O.V. Savinkin, 12.08.2013. ZMMU Op-550, 1 specimen (12 mm length, 12.5 mm width, fixed), Arctic Ocean, Franz Josef Land, Nansen Island, 6–21 m, stones, sand, sta. G31, leg. O.V. Savinkin, 23.08.2013.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Arctic Ocean, Franz Josef Land.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named in honour of Russian underwater explorers who previously investigated marine opisthobranch fauna of the extremely cold water of Franz Josef Land and adjacent Arctic regions, including A.N. Golikov, M.V. Propp, A.F. Pushkin, B.I. Sirenko, and others, and those who collected this species in 2013, O.V. Savinkin and S.D. Grebelnyi. They have made great contributions towards the understanding of the fauna and flora of one of the most northern territories of the world.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> External morphology. The length of the preserved holotype is 19.5 mm and width 11 mm (Fig. 2 A). The length of three preserved specimens ranged from 14 to 19.5 mm, the width ranged from 9 to 15 mm. The notum is moderately broad, rounded in front and posteriorly. The rhinophores are long and retracted into sheaths with smooth edges, except for 5–7 tubercles of various size that are connected to the edge of each sheath. There are 38–42 rhinophoral lamellae. The notum is densely covered with narrow, elongate spine-like tubercles. Tubercles in the central notal area are somewhat wider and more globular than those at the notal edge (Fig. 2 A, B). Larger tubercles are regularly intermingled with smaller ones. The rays of spicules radiating from the bases of tubercles form a sort of network under the surface of the apparently soft notum. The spicules are not conspicuous externally. The gill cavity is absent. Ten to twelve uni- and bipinnate gills form an almost complete semicircle around the anus. The large oral veil consists of two pairs of processes: a single, broad trapezoid upper triangular projection that is not medially fused with the hyponotum, and two flattened lobes below (Fig. 2 A). The foot is broad, anteriorly rounded, without labium.</p> <p> <b>Colour.</b> The living specimens are light yellowish white. The gills and rhinophores are more yellowish. There are no conspicuous white spots on the body or on the tubercles.</p> <p> <b>Anatomy.</b> <i>Digestive system</i>. The anterior part of the buccal bulb is modified into the prominent, massive oval buccal pump on a short distinct stalk (Fig. 2 C, D). The buccal pump is fully banded by a relatively narrow peripheral muscle (Fig. 2 D). The lateral parts of the buccal pump are equipped with thin muscular fibres. The salivary glands are rounded (Fig. 2 C). The rounded labial disk is covered by yellowish cuticle without evident labial elements (Fig. 2 F). The radular formula in the 16 mm length specimen is 46 x 1 –10.1.1.1.10–1. The central tooth is small, elongated, rectangular, and folded (Fig. 2 G, H). The first lateral tooth is provided with a long, wide base and a strong, almost straight, smooth cusp (Fig. 2 H). The outer denticles gradually reduce in size towards the internal ones. Outer lateral teeth have slightly elongated bases, with a curved, hooked cusp on its lateral corner; all are similar in size and shape (Fig. 2 G, H). In the middle and posterior part of radula up to 10 lateral teeth, whereas at anterior part their number may be reduced to a single tooth. The stomach is relatively small and narrow (Fig. 2 E), the stomach caecum is absent.</p> <p> <i>Circulatory system</i>. In the pericardial sac a triangular posterior auricle and a smaller sized oval ventricle are present (Fig. 2 E). The blood gland lies above central nervous system and encompasses both posterior and anterior lobes.</p> <p> <i>Central nervous system</i>. The cerebral and pleural ganglia are well separated. The optic nerve is short. The eyes are not large, with black pigment. The pedal ganglia are similar in size to the cerebrals. The rhinophoral ganglia are globular. The buccal ganglia are slightly oval. Gastroesophageal ganglia are not differentiated. Four pairs of cerebral nerves, three to four pleural and three pedal ones are detected.</p> <p> <i>Reproductive system</i>. (Figs 2 E, 5A). The ampulla is long, thick and characteristically coiled (Figs 2 E, 5A, a). The post-ampullar duct bifurcates into a long vas deferens and a short proximal oviduct. The long convoluted thick prostate (Fig. 5 A, pr) transits to a long single-looped penial sheath, which contains several thick loops of the ejaculatory duct (Figs 2 E, 5A, psh). The penial sheath is long and thick, the ejaculatory duct (penis) without spines (Fig. 5 A, p). The small globular bursa copulatrix is connected into the vagina via a short narrow stalk (Fig. 5 A, b). The seminal receptacle is hidden within the female gland mass (Figs 2 E, 5A, fgm).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Specimens were found predominantly on mixed stony and sandy ground, at 6–31 m depth.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Franz Josef Land.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The new species of <i>Adalaria</i> is distinguishable from all recently described species (Martynov <i>et al.</i> 2009; Martynov, Sanamyan, Korshunova 2015a) by the presence of elongated dorsal tubercles; by this character the new species also clearly differs from <i>A. proxima</i> (Alder & Hancock, 1854) and <i>A. loveni</i> (Alder & Hancock, 1862), which have a similar radula. Results obtained by PopART showed a network of haplotypes that clearly clustered into two groups coincident with <i>A. rossica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>A. proxima</i> (Fig. 6 A). Genetic p-distances clearly separate <i>A. rossica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> from the morphologically similar species <i>A. proxima</i> as well as from all other described species of the genus <i>Adalaria</i>. Uncorrected minimal COI p-distances are different between <i>A. rossica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>A. proxima</i> (range 8.97±1.1%). Interspecific distances separate <i>A. rossica</i> <b>sp. nov</b>. from <i>A.proxima</i> with a genetic divergence of 9.1%, whereas intraspecific divergence is 0% in <i>A. rossica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and 1.1% in <i>A. proxima</i>. In addition, the only previously reported Arctic species, <i>A. tschuktschica</i> Krause, 1885, is considerably different from <i>A. rossica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> in the shape of the first lateral teeth and the number of the outer lateral teeth (see Martynov <i>et al.</i> 2009 for details). Thus initial genetic data and analyses support the morphology-based conclusions that <i>A. rossica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is a new species.</p>Published as part of <i>Martynov, Alexander & Korshunova, Tatiana, 2017, World's northenmost and rarely observed Nudibranchs: three new Onchidoridid species (Gastropoda: Doridida) from Russian seas, pp. 391-404 in Zootaxa 4299 (3)</i> on pages 394-396, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4299.3.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/836042">http://zenodo.org/record/836042</a&gt

Consolidated data on the phylogeny and evolution of the family Tritoniidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) contribute to genera reassessment and clarify the taxonomic status of the neuroscience models Tritonia and Tochuina.

Nudibranch molluscs of the family Tritoniidae are widely used neuroscience model systems for understand the behavioural and genetic bases of learning and memory. However species identity and genus-level taxonomic assignment of the tritoniids remain contested. Herein we present a taxonomic review of the family Tritoniidae using integration of molecular phylogenetic analysis, morphological and biogeographical data. For the first time the identity of the model species Tritonia tetraquetra (Pallas, 1788) and Tritonia exsulans Bergh, 1894 is confirmed. T. tetraquetra distributes across the large geographic and bathymetric distances in the North-Eastern (NE) and North-Western (NW) Pacific. In turn, at NE Pacific coasts the separate species T. exsulans is commonly occured. Thus, it reveals a misidentification of T. tetraquetra and T. exsulans species in neuroscience applications. Presence of more hidden lineages within NW Pacific T. tetraquetra is suggested. The long lasting confusion over identity of the species from the genera Tritonia and Tochuina is resolved using molecular and morphological data. We also disprove a common indication about "edible T. tetraquetra" at the Kuril Islands. It is shown that Tochuina possesses specialized tritoniid features and also some characters of "arminacean nudibranchs", such as Doridoxa and Heterodoris. Diagnoses for the families Doridoxidae and Heterodorididae are provided. Taxonomy of the genus Doridoxa is clarified and molecular data for the genus Heterodoris presented for the first time. A taxonomic synopsis for the family Tritoniidae is provided. A new genus among tritoniid taxa is proposed. Importance of the ontogeny-based taxonomy is highlighted. The cases when apomorphic characters considerably modified in a crown group due to the paedomorphosis are revealed. Tracing of the character evolution is presented for secondary gills-a key external feature of the family Tritoniidae and traditional dendronotacean nudibranchs

Morphological and molecular evidence indicate Dendronotus primorjensis is a valid species that has priority over D. dudkai (Nudibranchia)

Morphological and molecular data of type material of the nudibranch mollusc Dendronotus primorjensis Martynov, Sanamyan, Korshunova, 2015 from the Sea of Japan are summarised and compared with those of D. dudkai Ekimova, Schepetov, Chichvarkhina, Chichvarkhin, 2016. The clear conclusion is that the latter is a junior synonym of Dendronotus primorjensis

The Japanese Red Data book marine mollusk Japonacteon nipponensis and a Japonacteon population from Russia belong to the same species: Molecular evidence and recommendations for conservation

The marine gastropod Japonacteon nipponensis is a representative species of endangered tidal flat environments in northeastern Asia. It is rated near-threatened in Japanese Red Data Books. A population of a closely similar species had also been recognized in the Russian part of the Sea of Japan at a single locality in Sukhodol Bay and was recently distinguished taxonomically as a subspecies distinct from the Japanese populations. Here we present for the first time molecular evidence that confirms that both populations represent J. nipponensis with little genetic distance. The Russian population of this near-threatened species will be included in a forthcoming edition of the Red Data Book of Russia. Tidal flats in Japan and elsewhere in Asia have been seriously impacted in recent years by intensive coastal development. Although the sole known locality of this species in Russia in Sukhodol Bay is still intact, there are plans to construct a large coal terminal on the bay. The presence not only of this particular species but also of others specifically associated with this particular kind of biotope make it desirable to protect the whole habitat of Sukhodol Bay and surrounding localities in the Russian part of the Sea of Japan