The Challenges of El Salvador?s Conditional Cash Transfer Programme, Red Solidaria

In the context of the increasing prominence of conditional cash transfers (CCTs) in the development agenda of many developing countries, this Country Study provides an analytic overview of the challenges faced by El Salvador?s CCT programme, Red Solidaria, (Solidarity Network). The purpose is to generate an information base for comparative studies on the prospects and potential difficulties of implementing CCTs in country settings different from those of the pioneer programmes, such as in Brazil and Mexico. The study describes Red Solidaria´s origins and components and discusses major aspects of its design and implementation. A particular emphasis is placed on the programme?s co-responsibilities, exit rules and targeting strategy. The study also covers the topics of institutional structures, intersectoral coordination and political support for such programmes. The conclusion is that Red Solidaria is an informative example of how a small country with limited resources can successfully set up a complex CCT programme. Still, the study notes that there are pending issues and remaining challenges for the programme. These relate, in particular, to strengthening mechanisms of local participation; coordinating the CCTs with other dimensions of Red Solidaria, such as productive projects; lengthening the duration of benefits for meeting human-capital objectives; clarifying eligibility requirements and how changes in family conditions can affect such requirements; and distinguishing conditionalities from ordinary programme co-responsibilities. An issue of overriding importance is to develop a broader long-term social protection strategy for El Salvador, with which CCTs would be integrated instead of being regarded as a stand-along programme.El Salvador; Conditional Cash Transfer Programme; CCT, Red Solidaria

?Growing Pains?: Key Challenges for New Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes in Latin America

Growing Pains; Challenges; Conditional Cash Transfer; Programmes; CCT, Latin America

Confronting Capacity Constraints on Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America: the cases of El Salvador and Paraguay

This Working Paper offers an institutional overview and comparative analysis of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) experiences of El Salvador (Red Solidaria) and Paraguay (Tekoporã). We focus on the potential contradictions and tensions that arise from the double objectives of these programmes?namely, short-run poverty alleviation and breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty though human capital accumulation. We also examine how both programmes address these tensions and compare their approaches regarding implementation issues and administrative and institutional factors. We argue that political economy issues play an important role in the decisions taken regarding targeting criteria, monitoring of conditionalities, graduation from the programme, and exit rules. These programme features are not necessarily coherent with one another because they pursue different objectives and are justified by differing rationales. These problems might be exacerbated in a scenario?common in many developing countries?characterized by financial and institutional capacity constraints and, sometimes, weak political support for a CCT programme.Poverty; Cash Transfers; Government Programme; El Salvador; Paraguay

Targeted Cash Transfer Programmes in Brazil: BPC and the Bolsa Familia

We describe several characteristics of the two most important targeted cash transfer programs in Brazil, the Continuous Cash Benefit (BPC) and the Bolsa Familia. We discuss their institutional aspects, long term sustainability, beneficiaries and levels of targeting. We also address the need for conditionalities, the effects of the transfers on labor market participation, as well as the relevance of the so called ?exit doors?. Our conclusion is that, on the one hand, the programs are accomplishing the goals they were designed to achieve. They reduce poverty and inequality, under costs which are compatible with the Brazilian budgetary capacity. On the other hand, the programmes have no negative effects on incentives to work and contributions to the pensions system. Consequently, we argue that these programmes should be kept in place and, if possible, expanded in the near future.Targeted Cash Transfer Programmes in Brazil: BPC and the Bolsa Familia

Neither Hired Mouth nor Class Monarchs: The Scope of Schoolteachers’ Freedom of Expression in Canada

What are the boundaries for teachers’ freedom of expression in public, secular schools in Canada? Drawing from the constitutional text, legislation, and normative expectations emerging from the literature, this article examines the scope given to teachers’ expression in landmark case law. The analysis shows that the binomial of trust and responsibility guides the interpretation of this fundamental freedom for teachers, who should neither act as class monarchs, absolutely free of restraints, nor as hired mouth, narrowly limited to the official curriculum. The article concludes that the ethical duties of preventing harm to students and engaging in responsible pedagogy circumscribe Canadian schoolteachers’ freedom of expression.Quelles sont les limites de la liberté d’expression des enseignants dans les écoles publiques et laïques au Canada? À la lumière du texte constitutionnel, de la législation et des attentes normatives émergeant de la littérature, j’examine le cadre de la liberté d’expression des enseignants dans la jurisprudence. L’analyse montre que le binôme confiance et responsabilité guide l’interprétation de cette liberté fondamentale pour les enseignants : ils ne doivent ni agir libres de toute contrainte ni se restreindre à la transmission du curriculum. Les devoirs éthiques de prévenir des dommages aux étudiants et de s’engager dans une pédagogie responsable délimitent la liberté d’expression des enseignants canadie

?Dores de Crescimento?: Os Principais Desafios dos Novos Programas de Transferência Condicional de Renda na América Latina

Programas de Transferência Condicional de Renda (CCT) têm sido implementados em mais de uma dúzia de países Latino-Americanos nos últimos 10 anos. Na medida em que os modelos originais se tornaram largamente disseminados, os novos programas tiveram que confrontar questões ainda não resolvidas. Particularmente, a questão das regras de graduação ou, como alguns preferem chamar, estratégias de ?saída?. (...)?Dores de Crescimento?: Os Principais Desafios dos Novos Programas de Transferência Condicional de Renda na América Latina

Encarando las Limitaciones en la Capacidad para Transferencias Monetarias Condicionadas en Latinoamerica: Los Casos de El Salvador y Paraguay

Este Documento de Trabajo ofrece un panorama institucional y un análisis comparativo de las experiencias en Transferencias Monetarias Condicionadas (TMC) de El Salvador (Red Solidaria) y Paraguay (Tekoporã). Enfocamos en las contradicciones y tensiones potenciales que emergen de los dos objetivos de estos programas, es decir aliviar la pobreza a corto plazo y romper el círculo intergeneracional de la pobreza a través de la acumulación de capital humano. También examinamos cómo ambos programas encaran estas tensiones y comparamos sus abordajes a la problemática de la implementación, así como sus factores administrativos e institucionales. Argüimos que temas de la economía política desempeñan un papel importante en las decisiones tomadas con relación a los criterios de focalización, el monitoreo de las condicionalidades, la ?graduación? y las reglas de salida del programa. Estas características de los programas no necesariamente son congruentes puesto que se apoyan en razonamientos diferentes. Estos problemas podrían exacerbarse en un escenario que es común en muchos países en desarrollo y que se caracteriza por limitaciones en la capacidad financiera e institucional y, a veces, por escaso apoyo político para un programa TMC.transferencias monetarias condicionadas; programa gubernamental

?Dolores del Crecimiento?: Desafíos Clave para Nuevos Programas de Transferencias Monetarias Condicionadas en Latinoamérica

En los últimos 10 años se han establecido programas de Transferencia Monetaria Condicionadas (TMC) en más de una docena de países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Mientras los modelos originales han sido ampliamente diseminados, los nuevos programas han tenido que enfrentar temas que aún no han sido resueltos. Entre ellos están principalmente las reglas de graduación o, como algunos prefieren denominarlas, estrategias de ?puerta de salida?. (...)?Dolores del Crecimiento?: Desafíos Clave para Nuevos Programas de Transferencias Monetarias Condicionadas en Latinoamérica

Souffrances de la Croissance: Principaux Défis qui se Posent aux Nouveaux Programmes de Transferts Monétaires Conditionnels en Amérique Latine

Les programmes de transferts monétaires conditionnels (TMC) ont été mis en place au cours des dix dernières années dans plus d?une douzaine de pays d?Amérique latine et des Caraïbes. Pendant que l?utilisation des modèles d?origine se répand, de nouveaux programmes devaient faire face à des enjeux non résolus parmi lesquels on note surtout l?exigence de réussite ou les stratégies de ?porte de sortie?, comme certains préfèrent l?appeler. (...)Souffrances de la Croissance: Principaux Défis qui se Posent aux Nouveaux Programmes de Transferts Monétaires Conditionnels en Amérique Latine