Higher-order finite-difference methods for partial differential equations

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.This thesis develops two families of numerical methods, based upon rational approximations having distinct real poles, for solving first- and second-order parabolic/ hyperbolic partial differential equations. These methods are thirdand fourth-order accurate in space and time, and do not require the use of complex arithmetic. In these methods first- and second-order spatial derivatives are approximated by finite-difference approximations which produce systems of ordinary differential equations expressible in vector-matrix forms. Solutions of these systems satisfy recurrence relations which lead to the development of parallel algorithms suitable for computer architectures consisting of three or four processors. Finally, the methods are tested on advection, advection-diffusion and wave equations with constant coefficients

Capacity development for health research in Pakistan: The effects of doctoral training

Capacity development for health research has been promoted in developing countries for many years, especially by international aid agencies. In Pakistan the government has been investing substantial funds in the development of a critical mass of scientists in the country. This paper represents the first attempt in Pakistan to assess the impact of capacity development efforts in health research. The study surveyed 54 Pakistani researchers who were sent for doctoral training to institutions out of the country on funded programmes in the past three decades. The 50 male and four female respondents had an average of 5.7 years of job experience prior to being sent for training and the average duration of training per person was 4 years. The average reported expenditure directly given to the trainees was US$35 300 (1995 US$) per person. These researchers had an average of 15 publications per person, while they have trained an average of nine students per researcher since return to Pakistan. The respondents indicated a lack of academic liberty and incentives to sustain their research efforts, and recommended autonomy in work and provision of facilities to stimulate their contributions. This study reflects the complex issues facing highly trained researchers who have returned to Pakistan and are attempting to pursue their careers. Their contributions in terms of writing papers, teaching students and policy involvement are important for assessing capacity development efforts. Comparative data from other developing nations is severely lacking for cross-country analysis. Such evaluations are critical to develop plans for the reduction of the 10/90 gap in health research investments

Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on lipase production by <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> NC7401.

Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on lipase production by B. cereus NC7401.</p

Fig 2 -

Screening of B. cereus strains for lipolytic activity with phenol red as pH indicator; a) B. cereus NC7401, b) B.cereus AVP12, c) B. cereus BDBCO1, d) B. specie JL47 and e) B.cereus JF70.</p