Electronic dispatch of energy consumption in a building with its own renewable energy - Smart house

In this study, it has been discussed methodically the control system of energy consumption from the power grid, generating electric energy on a seasonal basis (winter) heat load (thermocouples) and the utility of a set of renewable energy (solar photovoltaic, wind turbines and ground source heat pumps). It has also been taken into account the significant difference of energy network day and night consumption tariffs, seasonal heating load changes, solar insolation, and wind speeds. It has been figured out that the combined system of power supply at home, using the possibilities of the power system for the accumulation of excess renewable energy sources during the summer months, we can substantially simplify and reduce the cost of energy. The ability to use modern energy-saving equipment to simplify and reduce the consumer source system has been demonstrated. As well the new criteria for system optimization based on value analysis, the algorithm of complex consumer source control to implement a minimum cost supply at home, developed implementation flowchart of this algorithm based on modern microprocessor technology have been pointed out. © 2017 WIT Press

Ecological foresight in the nuclear power of XXI century

The access to reliable sources of energy is the key to sustainable development of mankind. The major part of the energy consumed by people is generated with a chemical reaction of fossil fuel burning. This leads to quick depletion of natural resources and progressing environmental pollution. The contribution of the renewable energy sources to the general energy production remains insignificant. A modern 1,000 MW coal-fired thermal power plant (TPP) burns 2.5 million tons of coal per year and produces significant amount of solid and gaseous waste. TPPs are the largest consumers of atmospheric oxygen and sources of carbon dioxide. A nuclear power plant (NPP) of the same power consumes less than 50 tons of fuel per year. Environmentally significant NPP’s waste (liquid, solid and gaseous) is carefully collected, reduced in volume (evaporation, filtering, compaction, incineration, etc.) and securely isolated from the environment at the plant. The annual volume of waste for storage is less than 100 m3. The waste is under the control of a special NPP’s service and regulatory authorities. The energy of fission reaction millions of times exceeding the energy of burning has an enormous potential that mankind can receive. Four hundred and thirty-three nuclear power units with a total capacity of about 400 GW exist in the world. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP in Japan in March 2011 caused anxiety about nuclear safety throughout the world and raised questions about the future of nuclear power. Now, it is clear that the use of nuclear power will continue to grow in the coming decades, although the growth will be slower than was anticipated before the accident. Many countries with existing nuclear power programmes plan to expand them. Many new countries, both developed and developing, plan to introduce nuclear power. Some countries, such as Germany, plan to abandon nuclear energy. The IAEA’s latest projections show a steady rise in the number of NPPs in the world in the next 20 years. They project a growth in nuclear power capacity by 23% by 2030 in the low projection and by 100% in the high projection [1,2]. The basis of modern nuclear power comprises water-cooled nuclear reactors which use the energy potential of natural uranium inefficiently (thermal reactors). The thermal reactors use isotope U-235 in which the content of natural uranium is <1%. Breeder reactors are capable of using the significant part of energy potential, which is unavailable to thermal light water reactors. As a result, the same starting quantity of uranium can produce 50 times more energy. These reactors can transform U-238 into fissile Pu-239 in larger amounts than they consume fissile material. This feature is called ‘breeding’ [3]. The key problem of using the basic benefitsv of nuclear power is to ensure the safety of its use, as well as decommissioning and reliable isolation of process waste from the biosphere. The long-term large-scale nuclear power should possess guaranteed safety, economic stability and competitiveness, absence of the raw material base restrictions for a long period of time and environmental sustainability (low waste). The nuclear power systems with fast neutron reactors and liquid metal coolant can satisfy these conditions. More than 40 years of Russian experience in the field of construction and operation of sodium fast reactors makes it possible to summarize and analyze the ecological features of reactors of this type, the possibility of their use for sustainable energy supply of mankind and solving environmental problems

Disorder dependence of ion implanted GaAs on the type of ion

Channeling experiments with 1.0 MeV He+ ions have been carried out to study lattice damage of (111) GaAs crystals after 60 and 110 keV aluminum and phosphorus implantation. The implantation and the channeling measurements have been performed in situ at 42 К and at room temperature (RT) Implant doses ranged from 2.8*10^12 to 8*10^16 ions/cm^2. We have observed large differences in the level of the measured damage for Al+ and P+ implantations into GaAs at RT within a dose range 10^13–10^15 ions/cm^2. The chemical nature of the interaction between Al+ and P+ and GaAs is different. Consequently, it is perposed that the effect can be explained by different types of defect formation

Morphology influence on water wettability of Mo back contact of solar cells.

Investigation of influence of Mo deposition on glass substrates by SIAD on its surface topography and wettability was conducted. We observe some steps in the process of film growth. Contact angle measurements showed that deposition of the Mo films on glass makes the surface less hydrophilic. It was indicated that with an increase of the irradiation dose, the roughness and contact angle increases rapidly at first and then decreases

Surface morphological properties of Mo-based thin films on glass.

Investigation of influence of Mo deposition on glass substrates by SIAD on its topography and wettability was conducted. We observe some steps in the process of film growth. It was indicated that with an increase of the irradiation dose, the average roughness and the contact angle increases rapidly at first and then decreases. Contact angle measurements showed that deposition of the Mo thin films on glass makes the surface less hydrophilic

Ecological foresight in the nuclear power of XXI century

The access to reliable sources of energy is the key to sustainable development of mankind. The major part of the energy consumed by people is generated with a chemical reaction of fossil fuel burning. This leads to quick depletion of natural resources and progressing environmental pollution. The contribution of the renewable energy sources to the general energy production remains insignificant. A modern 1,000 MW coal-fired thermal power plant (TPP) burns 2.5 million tons of coal per year and produces significant amount of solid and gaseous waste. TPPs are the largest consumers of atmospheric oxygen and sources of carbon dioxide. A nuclear power plant (NPP) of the same power consumes less than 50 tons of fuel per year. Environmentally significant NPP’s waste (liquid, solid and gaseous) is carefully collected, reduced in volume (evaporation, filtering, compaction, incineration, etc.) and securely isolated from the environment at the plant. The annual volume of waste for storage is less than 100 m3. The waste is under the control of a special NPP’s service and regulatory authorities. The energy of fission reaction millions of times exceeding the energy of burning has an enormous potential that mankind can receive. Four hundred and thirty-three nuclear power units with a total capacity of about 400 GW exist in the world. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP in Japan in March 2011 caused anxiety about nuclear safety throughout the world and raised questions about the future of nuclear power. Now, it is clear that the use of nuclear power will continue to grow in the coming decades, although the growth will be slower than was anticipated before the accident. Many countries with existing nuclear power programmes plan to expand them. Many new countries, both developed and developing, plan to introduce nuclear power. Some countries, such as Germany, plan to abandon nuclear energy. The IAEA’s latest projections show a steady rise in the number of NPPs in the world in the next 20 years. They project a growth in nuclear power capacity by 23% by 2030 in the low projection and by 100% in the high projection [1,2]. The basis of modern nuclear power comprises water-cooled nuclear reactors which use the energy potential of natural uranium inefficiently (thermal reactors). The thermal reactors use isotope U-235 in which the content of natural uranium is <1%. Breeder reactors are capable of using the significant part of energy potential, which is unavailable to thermal light water reactors. As a result, the same starting quantity of uranium can produce 50 times more energy. These reactors can transform U-238 into fissile Pu-239 in larger amounts than they consume fissile material. This feature is called ‘breeding’ [3]. The key problem of using the basic benefitsv of nuclear power is to ensure the safety of its use, as well as decommissioning and reliable isolation of process waste from the biosphere. The long-term large-scale nuclear power should possess guaranteed safety, economic stability and competitiveness, absence of the raw material base restrictions for a long period of time and environmental sustainability (low waste). The nuclear power systems with fast neutron reactors and liquid metal coolant can satisfy these conditions. More than 40 years of Russian experience in the field of construction and operation of sodium fast reactors makes it possible to summarize and analyze the ecological features of reactors of this type, the possibility of their use for sustainable energy supply of mankind and solving environmental problems

Energy scenario & regulatory requirements for nuclear power sector in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is presently a mono energy country as far as power generation is concerned. About 64.4% power is generated from gas, while coal contributes a meager 3% of the total generation and the rest of sources are oil (25%), Coal (2%) and renewable energy (3.6%). In this study, we outline Bangladesh regulatory necessities for nuclear power plant site selection with a clear focus on radiation safety & radiation protection as regards the site surroundings. To strengthen the suitability criteria during selection process, besides to assist in the final decision making process, subprogram management system are proposed. This paper also outlines the site requirements and site selection process on the basis of safety regulations of IAEA and Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC). The safety requirements for the siting of NPP were briefly discussed.Бангладеш является страной с моноструктурной энергетикой. Около 64,4% электроэнергии вырабатывается из газа, в то время как уголь составляет 3% от общего объема производства, а остальные источники - нефть (25%), уголь (2%) и возобновляемая энергия (3,6%). В докладе описаны нормативные потребности Бангладеш в выборе площадки для атомных электростанций с акцентом на радиационную безопасность и радиационную защиту с точки зрения охраны окружающей среды. Чтобы уточнить критерии пригодности в процессе отбора и помочь в окончательном процессе принятия решений, предлагается система управления подпрограммами. В этом документе также изложены требования к участку и процесс выбора площадки на основе правил безопасности МАГАТЭ и Комиссии по атомной энергии Бангладеш (BAEC). Кратко обсуждены требования безопасности к размещению АЭС

Self ion assisted modification of elastomer and its micro- and macroscopic properties.

The composition of Zr-based thin films on rubber was investigated by utilizing the Rutherford backscattering technique and RUMP code simulation. The level of adgesion between the coating fabricated on rubber by means of self-ion assisted deposition was measured using Pin Pull Test. The coating deposited on the rubber consists of Zn, O, C, H. The self ion assisted deposition process may successfully control the level of adhesion of the coating to the rubber and causes strong modification of the macroscopic properties of the rubber surface

Analysis of Bangladesh nuclear infrastructure required for building of first NPP

В докладе выполнен анализ энергетических ресурсов и энергопотребления в Бангладеш. Дано обоснование использования атомной энергетики. Приведено описание проекта АЭС Rooppur, строительство которой планируется в Бангладеш. Обобщены основные требования по безопасному использованию атомной энергии, сформулированные в нормах безопасности Международного агентства по атомной энергии (МАГАТЭ). Проведен анализ существующих в Бангладеш нормативно-законодательной базы, государственных органов регулирования и управления в области использования атомной энергии. Сформулированы предложения по организации подготовки квалифицированных специалистов различного уровня (специалисты, инженеры, магистранты, аспиранты, преподаватели) для строительства и эксплуатации АЭС Rooppur.In the report the analysis of energy resources and energy consumption in Bangladesh is performed. The substantiation of the use of nuclear energy is given. The description of Rooppur NPP project, the construction of which is planned in Bangladesh, is given. Main requirements for the safe use of nuclear energy formulated in safety standards of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) are summarized. The analysis of existing in Bangladesh legislative framework, government regulation and control in the field of nuclear energy is made. The proposals for the organization of the training of qualified specialists of different levels (specialists, engineers, undergraduates, graduate students, teachers) for the construction and operation of nuclear power plant Rooppur are formulated

About opportunity of utilization of low potential heat on Fast Breeder Reaktors

The urgency of the nuclear power plants thermal effluent reduction and increasing efficiency problems are substantiated. Different ways of utilization of thermal effluents are considered. Different variants of the thermal pump inclusion into the circuit of the steam turbine main condenser are presented. The analysis of low potential heat sources emitted by auxiliary systems of FBR is executed.Обоснована актуальность проблемы снижения тепловых сбросов в окружающую среду и повышения энергоэффективности АЭС. Рассмотрены различные способы утилизации сбросной теплоты. Приведены варианты включения тепловых насосов в схему основного конденсатора турбины. Выполнен анализ источников низкопотенциальной теплоты, сбрасываемой вспомогательными системами реактора на быстрых нейтронах