La nouvelle convention sur le droit de la mer et la lutte contre la pollution marine d'origine tellurique

Several articles of the Charter of the Law of the Sea deal with land-based pollution, which is responsible for approximately 90% of all high sea's pollution. A detailed study of these articles shows that the Charter under-emphasizes the importance of land-based pollution. Authority to solve marine pollution is left to coastal states, who are but vaguely obliged to encourage means of regional cooperation to curtail damage to marine environment. These obligations are a first step in the long and difficult process of bringing about efficient pollution control by way of international cooperation

La réalisation de garanties du fiduciaire et les syndiqués

In this article, the author discusses the application of sections 45 and 46 of the Quebec Labour Code in the context of the trust deed, at each step of the realization by the trustee of its securitees, namely : the taking of possession of the mortgaged assets and the carrying on of the operations of the debtor company by the trustee, as well as the acquisition or the taking charge of the mortgaged assets by a third party from the trustee. The author's argument or reasoning is based upon the unity of the two prerequisites for the application of section 45, i.e. a change of employer and the alienation or operation by another of the undertaking. On the basis of this reasoning, section 45 applies to the trustee who takes possession only when he deliberately carries on the undertaking of the debtor company, whether it be in whole or in part, or even for a limited time, because only then should the trustee be considered a new employer. The application of section 45 to a third party dealing with the trustee is also certain when such third party carries on the undertaking that the trustee had himself carried on. But the situation is not as certain when the trustee has not himself carried on the undertaking after taking possession, and the author explains the reasons for his doubts. Finally, in view of the current state of the law and jurisprudence, the author suggests alternate ways for the trustee to deal with a third party in order to avoid the application of section 45

Settler Colonial Ways of Seeing: Documentary Governance of Indigenous Life in Canada and its Disruption

Settler colonialism in Canada has and continues to dispossess Indigenous nations of their lands and authority. Settler Colonial Ways of Seeing argues that a politics of visibility has been central to these structures of invasion and dispossession. In an effort to transform sovereign Indigenous nations into “Indians”, the state has used techniques of bureaucratic documentation to naturalize the classification of Indigenous bodies as racially inferior and thus subject to a range of violent interventions. This politics of visibility fails to see Indigenous people as people who matter. Using Indigenous feminist critique, discourse analysis, and aesthetics to analyze federal legislation, policy manuals, and archival documents, I theorize settler colonial ways of seeing as a nexus of techniques and epistemological investments with two aspects: one, the vision of a radically new society that drives settler colonial desire; two, the techniques of seeing used to manage the visibility of Indigenous life. To demonstrate how state techniques structure the visibility of Indigenous life, I investigate four techniques of visibility and erasure: i) classification under Indian Act racial taxonomy; ii) enumeration through the centralized Indian Register; iii) identity documentation with Certificates of Indian Status; and, iv) the numerical re-presentation of the crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women (MMIW). However, just as settler colonial statecraft operates through ways of seeing, it is also resisted by artistic and political acts that insist on and make visible Indigenous presence. Alongside examples of settler documentation, I analyze artworks by Nadia Myre, Cheryl L’Hirondelle, Christi Belcourt, and others, as practices of Indigenous resistance engaged in counter-documentation strategies that make visible and denaturalize the restrictive frames imposed upon their lives. Ultimately, this dissertation demonstrates how racial classification and documentation attempts to naturalize a way of seeing that devalues Indigenous lives and undermines Indigenous presence, but has always been resisted by the Indigenous lives it seeks to transform

L’arme favorite de l’épicier indépendant : éléments d’une histoire sociale du crédit (Montréal, 1920-1940)

À Montréal, dans la première moitié du 20e siècle, les détaillants indépendants de l'alimentation ont l'habitude de faire crédit à leur clientèle des milieux populaires, en leur permettant d'ouvrir un compte courant, réglé en principe à intervalles réguliers. À cette époque, pour une large part de la population, le revenu familial suffit à peine à couvrir les besoins de base et ne permet pas de faire face aux impondérables. Le crédit qu’accordent les détaillants de quartier donne au budget familial un peu de la souplesse qui lui manque et représente en quelque sorte un filet de sécurité à une époque où les revenus des familles ouvrières sont peu élevés et instables. Aussi, en dépit du danger d'endettement qu'il représente, il est activement recherché par les résidents des quartiers populaires.Dans le contexte économique et social des années 1920 à 1940, et à ce moment de l'évolution du commerce de l'alimentation, les détaillants indépendants qui accordent crédit se trouvent placés dans une situation paradoxale. D'abord, le progrès important des chaînes de magasins dans le secteur de l'alimentation les inquiète vivement. Or tandis que les chaînes appliquent en principe la règle du « cash & carry », le crédit qu'accordent les détaillants indépendants leur permet de se distinguer de leurs concurrents et de retenir leur clientèle des quartiers populaires. Dans ce sens, cette pratique devient leur « arme favorite », suivant l'expression d'un contemporain. Il s'agit cependant d'une arme à deux tranchants. Pour la majorité des petits commerçants, dont les entreprises sont fragiles et manquent de capital, le crédit représente une charge considérable. Les détaillants les mieux établis se trouvent eux aussi partagés entre la crainte de perdre leur clientèle au profit des chaînes et le désir d'éliminer cette forme de crédit qu'ils ne gèrent pas nécessairement à profit.In Montreal in the first half of the 20th century, independent food retailers commonly extended credit to their working-class customers. The merchants allowed them to establish current accounts, which they settled (in theory at least) at regular intervals. During this period, for a large part of the population, family income was barely sufficient to cover the basic necessities and left little for unforeseen circumstances. The credit that neighbourhood grocers extended allowed family budgets a degree of flexibility and represented a sort of safety net during a period before the introduction of state welfare programmes. Despite the danger of falling deeper and deeper into debt, residents of working-class neighbourhoods actively searched out merchants who would provide credit.In the socio-economic context of the years between 1920 and 1940, and at this stage in the history of food retailing, independent grocers who extended credit found themselves in a paradoxical situation. In the first place, they were worried by the rapid expansion of chain grocery stores. While the chain stores applied the principle of "cash and carry", independent retailers used credit to differentiate themselves from their competitors and to retain their working-class clientele. This practice became their "favorite weapon", as one contemporary put it. It was, however, a double-edged sword, particularly for the majority of small retailers, whose businesses were fragile and lacked capital. Credit was a considerable financial burden for these shopkeepers. For their part, the most stable grocers were torn between the fear of losing their customers to the chains or to their competitors and their desire to eliminate this form of credit which they had difficulty managing profitably

Échapper à Shylock : la Hebrew Free Loan Association of Montreal entre antisémitisme et intégration, 1911-1913

En 1911, des représentants de l’élite juive montréalaise créent une société de prêts charitables. Lorsqu’ils en demandent l’incorporation aux autorités québécoises cependant, ils sont immédiatement confrontés à l’image du juif usurier. La fondation de la Hebrew Free Loan Association of Montreal nous entraîne au coeur des tensions que connaît la communauté juive au plus fort de l’immigration du début du xxe siècle. En même temps, les démarches de ses fondateurs et les réactions qu’elles provoquent révèlent la complexité des rapports qu’entretient cette minorité avec différentes composantes de la société québécoise à une époque où, au Québec comme ailleurs, l’antisémitisme se manifeste de plus en plus. Les efforts déployés pour obtenir l’incorporation de cet organisme et la lutte de représentations qui s’ensuit mettent en lumière aussi bien le pouvoir que la vulnérabilité de l’élite juive et l’importance de son rôle de médiation.In the fall of 1911, representatives of the Montreal Jewish elite applied to Quebec authorities for the incorporation of a charitable institution that they had created, the Hebrew Free Loan Association of Montreal. They were immediately confronted by the stereotype of the Jewish loan shark. The founding of this society reveals some of the tensions experienced by the Montreal Jewish community during this peak period of mass migration at the beginning of the 20th Century. The initiatives of its founders and the reactions they stirred up also reveal the complexity of the relationship that existed between the Jewish minority and various components of Quebec society at a time when anti-Semitism, in Quebec as elsewhere, was becoming more vocal. Their efforts to obtain the incorporation of the Hebrew Free Loan Association, as well as to reject the social identity that was being imposed on them, shed light on both the power and the vulnerability of the Jewish elite and on the crucial role it played in mediation

Measuring away an attentional confound?

A recent fMRI study by Webb et al. (Cortical networks involved in visual awareness independent of visual attention, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:13923–28) proposes a new method for finding the neural correlates of awareness by matching atten- tion across awareness conditions. The experimental design, however, seems at odds with known features of attention. We highlight logical and methodological points that are critical when trying to disentangle attention and awareness

Contar la historia de la Revolución cubana : la desconstrucción del discurso official en Te di la vida entera de Zoé Valdés y Tres tristes tigres de Guillermo Cabrera Infante

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.[À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Thèses et mémoires - FAS - Département de littératures et de langues modernes