Relating magnetic reconnection to coronal heating

It is clear that the solar corona is being heated and that coronal magnetic fields undergo reconnection all the time. Here we attempt to show that these two facts are in fact related - i.e. coronal reconnection generates heat. This attempt must address the fact that topological change of field lines does not automatically generate heat. We present one case of flux emergence where we have measured the rate of coronal magnetic reconnection and the rate of energy dissipation in the corona. The ratio of these two, $P/\dot{\Phi}$, is a current comparable to the amount of current expected to flow along the boundary separating the emerged flux from the pre-existing flux overlying it. We can generalize this relation to the overall corona in quiet Sun or in active regions. Doing so yields estimates for the contribution to corona heating from magnetic reconnection. These estimated rates are comparable to the amount required to maintain the corona at its observed temperature.Comment: To appear in Phil. Trans. Royal Soc.

Ownership and financing of infrastructure : historical perspective

The authors summarize the rich and varied experiences of private and public provision of urban services in France, Great Britain, and the United States over the past 100 years. Their main focus is on experiences in the United States and on shifts back and forth between the public and private sectors. A few of their observations: (i) The values of politically important actors as well as the working of government, political, and legal institutions have shaped decisions about infrastructure development, the sorts of public goods demanded, and the roles played by private firms. (ii) The range of choices that has historically been made with respect to the ownership, financing, and operation of different infrastructures has been far too varied to be encompassed by simple distinctions between"public"and"private."(iii) Throughout the world, many infrastructures owned and operated by governments have been built by private firms. (iv) In the United States, private firms and property-owners associations of various sorts have owned outright both toll roads and residential streets. Private firms have also collected solid wastes and provided urban transport under a range of franchise, contracting, and regulatory arrangements. The situation with mass transit has been similar in Great Britain. Although water works facilities in France are predominantly government-owned, private firms operate and manage most systems under an array of contracting and leasing arrangements. (v) Even when facilities have been owned by private firms, direct competition has been of limited importance in the provision of many kinds of infrastructure. But market discipline can arise from other sources. (vi) Privatization can get government bureaucracies out of the business of performing entrepreneurial activities for which they may be poorly suited. When market forces are weak, however, and important public interests are at stake, strengthening government institutions may be a prerequisite for successful privatization. (vii) In the electric utility industry, private firms played a far greater role in U.S. electric utilities than in Great Britain, in part because of different views about appropriate roles for government in providing essential services. For similar reasons, the state played a much larger role in furnishing telecommunications services in France than in the United States. (viii) Beliefs about the"publicness"of different goods and services have helped shape the character of regulatory franchise, and contracting arrangements. When a good is seen as mainly private, it is easier for private service providers to be compensated mainly by user fees and for most decisions about price, output, and quality, no matter what the role played by private firms in actually providing services. (ix) Goods defined as"public"have often been provided free to users, even though it would have been easy to exclude nonpayers. Examples in the United States include interstate highway systems, public parks, public libraries, and police and fire protection. Free services have been provided because it is believed that in these domains market relationships should not apply - and that denying nonpayers the public services would be a denial of rights. (x) In Great Britain and the United States, the contracting out of public services has been both supported and opposed because of its potential to break the power of public sector unions and to cut workers'pay. In the United States, privatization has also come under attack on the grounds that opportunities for minority employment may be reduced.Regional Governance,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Decentralization,Public Sector Management and Reform,Urban Governance and Management,Public Sector Management and Reform,Urban Governance and Management,Regional Governance,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Public Sector Economics&Finance

Geogenomic segregation and temporal trends of human pathogenic Escherichia coli o157:H7, Washington, USA, 2005-2014

The often-noted and persistent increased incidence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in rural areas is not well understood. We used a cohort of E. coli O157:H7 cases reported in Washington, USA, during 2005–2014, along with phylogenomic characterization of the infecting isolates, to identify geographic segregation of and temporal trends in specific phylogenetic lineages of E. coli O157:H7. Kernel estimation and generalized additive models demonstrated that pathogen lineages were spatially segregated during the period of analysis and identified a focus of segregation spanning multiple, predominantly rural, counties for each of the main clinical lineages, Ib, IIa, and IIb. These results suggest the existence of local reservoirs from which humans are infected. We also noted a secular increase in the proportion of lineage IIa and IIb isolates. Spatial segregation by phylogenetic lineage offers the potential to identify local reservoirs and intervene to prevent continued transmission

Chapter Three. EED library as a basis for systematic reviews

3.1 Defining Systematic Review Question Priorities 3.2 Determining Relevance to the Systematic Review 3.3 Acquisition of References and Copyright Fair Use Compliance 3.4 Documenting Relevance to the Systematic Review 3.5 Data Extraction for the Systematic Review 3.6 EED Library: Search Results Overview 3.7 Quality Control 3.8 EED Library Statushttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1004/thumbnail.jp

Chapter Five. Systematic review results by biomarker classifications

5.1 Markers of Absorption and Permeability Overview 5.2 Markers of Absorption 5.3 Markers of Permeability 5.4 Markers of Digestion 5.5 Markers of Intestinal Inflammation and Intestinal Immune Activation 5.6 Markers of Systemic Inflammation and Systemic Immune Activation 5.7 Markers of Microbial Drivers 5.8 Markers of Nonspecific Intestinal Injury 5.9 Markers of Extra-Small Intestinal Function 5.10 Relationships Between Markers of EED, Including Histopathology 5.11 Relationships between EED Biomarkers and Growth or Other Outcomes of Interesthttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1006/thumbnail.jp