Simultaneous production of biochar and thermal energy using palm oil residual biomass as feedstock in an auto-thermal prototype reactor

In developing countries, the technology used for biomass carbonization requires major retrofits for an efficient conversion of the residual biomass produced in the palm oil mills into biochar. This study analyzes a prototype of a small and modular auger reactor (P-SMART) that uses untreated kernel shells as feedstock to produce biochar and thermal energy. The P-SMART does not require inert gases during operation, neither diesel nor natural gas for the initial heating process. This study shows that the carbonization process can be driven by the energy generated during pyrolysis gas combustion (auto-thermal conditions) from a biomass load capacity of 30 kg/h. During the auto-thermal operation, the thermal energy generated by pyrolysis gas combustion is higher than that required by the carbonization process. The carbon monoxide concentration in the flue gas during the auto-thermal operation was 197 mg/Nm3 which is lower than the European eco-design requirement of 500 mg/Nm3 (both measured at 11% vol. O2, dry gas). The biochars produced during auto-thermal operation have a macro-porous structure with a pore radius that ranges from 0.42 to 12.48 μm. The carbon content and the molar H/Corg and O/Corg ratio of the analyzed biochars are in accordance with the European guidelines for the sustainable production of biochar of less than 0.7 and 0.4 respectively. Moreover, relevant soil nutrients were observed in the KS ash, namely: silica (30 wt%), potassium (8.2 wt%) and phosphorous (3 wt%).publishe

Solid catalysts obtained from wastes for FAME production using mixtures of refined palm oil and waste cooking oils

More than 95% of biodiesel production feedstocks come from edible oils, however it may cause some problems such as the competition of land use between food production and biodiesel production. The waste cooking oils (WCO) are an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production; its usage reduces significantly the cost of biodiesel production and has environmental benefits, e.g., a waste recovery instead of its elimination. This work aims to produce a low-cost efficient solid catalyst for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production using mixtures of refined palm oil (RPO) and WCO. Four low cost catalysts were prepared (biomass fly ashes, natural dolomite rock, chicken eggshells and polyethylene terephthalate - PET), characterized (by SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, FT-IR and Hammett indicators) and tested regarding their performance in FAME production. The maximum yield of FAME achieved was around 96%wt. for biomass fly ashes catalyst at 60 °C, 9:1 (mol/mol) of methanol to oil mixture, 10%wt. catalyst to oil mixture, over 180 min in batch reactor. The results point out for promising bifunctional catalysts able to achieve also conversion of free fatty acids up to 100% using mixtures of RPO and WCO.publishe

Optimization of FAME production from blends of waste cooking oil and refined palm oil using biomass fly ash as a catalyst

One of the problems associated with biomass combustion is the amount of fly ashes generated and its subsequent management. The search for ways of valorizing these ashes has been a challenge for the academic and industrial community. On the other hand, used cooking oils are wastes which management is quite difficult, by they have a very important energetic potential. The goal of this work was to optimize the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) process, recovering two residual materials (waste cooking oils (WCO), and biomass fly flash (BFA)). The optimization of the process was achieved using the response surface methodology and a Box-Benhken experimental design applied to mixtures of WCO and refined palm oil (RPO), using BFA as catalyst. The influence on FAME yield of four variables (catalyst loading, methanol/oil molar ratio, RPO/WCO ratio and reaction temperature) was studied. The higher FAME yield achieved was 73.8% for the following operating conditions: 13.57 wt% of catalyst loading, 6.7 of methanol/oil molar ratio, 28.04 wt% of RPO in the oil mixture with WCO and 55 °C for the reaction temperature. The reusability of the BFA catalyst in the process was also studied through three successive usage cycles finding no loss of catalytic activity.publishe

Assessing a bio-energy system with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) through dynamic life cycle assessment and land-water-energy nexus

Nowadays, much attention is being paid to so-called Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs), designed to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and keep global temperature rise below 1.5 °C. The deployment of NETs can trigger environmental impacts, which can be addressed through the lens of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). According to the literature, there are several drawbacks when NETs are assessed under the life cycle framework. In this sense, this study aims at contributing to the literature by assessing a NET in a manner that the existing drawbacks are overcome. For such purpose, dynamic LCA and land-water-energy nexus were applied to a Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage system (BECCS). The results show that harnessing residual forest biomass for electricity generation and carbon storage accomplished a great positive climate performance. In line with European climate goals, climate change impact resulted in −2.49E+04 kg CO2eq/MWhe and −3.40E+04 kg CO2eq/t Cstored at year 20. However, the BECCS system analyzed comes at the expense of impacting land, water and energy that cannot be overlooked. The land impact was 3.57E+05Pt/t Cstored and 2.61 E+05Pt/MWhe, green water impact was 11.1 m3/t Cstored and 8.16 m3/MWhe, and the Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROI) was 3.34. The sensitive analysis indicates that special attention should be paid to the efficiency of the system since it directly impacts on land, water and energy (EROI). Finally, this study contributes to increasing the knowledge on NETs, thus supporting climate-energy policymaking

Palm oil kernel shell as solid fuel for the commercial and industrial sector in Ecuador: tax incentive impact and performance of a prototype burner

The Ecuadorian industrial and commercial sectors are in general supported in the use of diesel for energy purposes. An alternative to replace diesel could be the use of palm oil residual biomass as solid fuel. It is estimated that 57.7% of the capital costs required to implement a biomass boiler that use untreated palm oil kernel shell (KS) as fuel in replacement of a diesel boiler would be covered by in force tax incentives. Nonetheless, untaxed and subsidized diesel utilization coupled to the important capital and operating costs associated to the biomass boiler results in relatively high payback periods, within the range of 6 to 7.9 years. Analyzing a base case, it is observed that replacement of diesel by KS results in a reduction of 8 times the fuel costs. Implementation of pre-treatment processes (e.g. pelletizing) could increase the KS price, affecting the potential to lower the costs of thermal energy production. Accordingly, utilization of raw KS for thermal energy production was demonstrated using a horizontal burner prototype. The experimental analysis of the KS combustion process shows that combustion efficiency (99.8%) is as high as that observed in other type of biomass burners. During the steady state operation periods, CO concentration in the flue gases (260.1 mg/Nm3) was below the limit established by the European standards for solid fuel boilers (500 mg/Nm3). Ash sintering was observed in the grate during the combustion experiments. The ash discharge process induced periodic fluctuations in the combustion chamber temperature profile as well as fluctuations in the flue gas composition. Despite these localized and periodic temperature and gas composition fluctuations, in the whole, and considering longer periods of operation, the combustion system was under steady state conditions and showed to be suitable for energetic valorization of untreated KS.publishe

Environmental and energy performance of residual forest biomass for electricity generation: gasification vs. combustion

Bioenergy systems have a great potential worldwide to substitute fossil fuels mainly because they may contribute to greenhouse gas emissions reduction. In Portugal, several biomass combustion-based power plants have been built in the last decade. Biomass gasification is a potential alternative to combustion but its environmental impacts should be evaluated. The goal of this study is to assess and compare the environmental and energy performance of direct gasification and combustion (both in fluidized bed) using residual forest biomass (RFB) from eucalypt in Portugal. In order to achieve the goal, life cycle assessment was applied, complemented with the Energy-Returned-On-Energy-Invested (EROI) indicator. The boundaries of the systems comprise three stages: (1) forest management, (2) collection, processing and transportation, and (3) electricity generation. The results indicate that gasification performs environmentally better than combustion in 5 out of 8 impact categories addressed. Conversely, combustion has greater EROI than gasification. After running a sensitivity analysis where the efficiency of the gasifier was changed from 53% in the base scenario to 57%, it is shown that the environmental performance of gasification improved in the range of 2–8%. The study concludes that gasification may be a good alternative to current combustion systems in Portugal.publishe

Application of the Six Sigma DMAIC Methodology to the Gasification Process

Despite the advantages of gasification over combustion, some elements remain to improve. Fortunately, it is not necessary to reinvent the wheel to improve efficiency and quality because there are already methodologies that have been proven successful with other processes, like the Six Sigma DMAIC methodology. Therefore, this chapter explores the synergies between gasification and Six Sigma DMAIC to improve gas quality and hydrogen production, using RDF and wood as feedstock. Furthermore, the blends and equivalence ratio influence the produced gas is explored

Scientometric analysis and scientific trends on biochar application as soil amendment

This manuscript presents a scientometric analysis on the studies performed on the application of biochar for soil amendment in order to investigate the research and developments in this field and to identify the existing gaps to provide recommendations for future studies. A total of 2982 bibliographic records were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database using appropriate sets of keywords, and these were analyzed based on the criteria of authors, publishing journals, citations received, contributing countries, institution, and categories in research and development. Based on these data, progress of research was mapped to identify the scientific status, such as current scientific and technological trends as well as the knowledge gaps. The majority of scientific developments started in the early 2000′s and accelerated considerably after 2014. China and USA are the leading countries in the application of biochar for the treatment of soils. Among the active journals, “Plant and Soil” has received the highest number of citations. This study attempts for a comprehensive discussion and understanding on scientific advances as well as the progress made, especially in recent years.publishe

Culturas lenhosas de curta rotação e produção energética no Nordeste de Portugal

A biomassa lenhosa é habitualmente utilizada com fins energéticos em Trás-os-Montes, geralmente na forma de lenhas de carvalho negral e freixo, sendo a exploração de carvalhais e comercialização de lenhas provavelmente a actividade florestal mais relevante no Nordeste, apesar do seu verdadeiro significado económico ser ainda desconhecido. De acordo com a Matriz Energética do Nordeste, as lenhas representam 27% da energia primária utilizada no Distrito de Bragança [1]. A Estratégia Nacional para a Energia ENE2020 (Resolução do Conselho de Ministros N.º 29/2010, de 15 de Abril) preconiza o aumento do contributo da biomassa para a produção energética nacional a partir de um conjunto de medidas diversas. Uma dessas medidas diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de culturas dedicadas de rápido crescimento para as quais se estabelece a meta de 30% para o abastecimento de centrais termoeléctricas a biomassa até 2020 (Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 81/2010 de 3 de Novembro). As culturas dedicadas de biomassa lenhosa em Portugal são, contudo, muito raras e de âmbito experimental, não existindo ainda o necessário conhecimento para a sua expansão a curto prazo, nomeadamente no que diz respeito às técnicas de instalação, manutenção e colheita da cultura, ao material vegetal a utilizar e à gestão da água, entre outros aspectos. Perante as actuais lacunas e a necessidade urgente de produzir conhecimento sobre estes sistemas, foi submetido em 2005 o projecto “Biomassa lenhosa para produção de energia: desenvolvimento de sistemas sustentáveis de fornecimento de bens e serviços de produção, regulação e conservação”, aprovado para financiamento pela FCT e em funcionamento desde o final de 2007. O projecto foi concebido com o propósito de desenvolver tecnologia para a produção intensiva e uso sustentável de biomassa lenhosa para produção de energia com benefícios ambientais e sócio-económicos em termos de regulação de carbono, conservação da água, do solo e da biodiversidade e criação de riqueza. Pretendeu-se também avaliar o potencial da região de Trás-os-Montes para a produção de biomassa para energia e para o sequestro de carbono de carbono em sistemas florestais. O projecto incluía seis tarefas: (1) sistemas de produção de biomassa, (2) efeitos ambientais das culturas lenhosas de curta rotação (CLCR), (3) ciclo do carbono, (4) conteúdo energético de combustíveis lenhosos, (5) potencial regional de produção de biomassa e de energia e (6) análise do ciclo de vida e sustentabilidade. Nesta comunicação serão apresentados os principais resultados do projecto relacionados com a produção de biomassa em culturas dedicadas bem como a nossa perspectiva relativamente ao papel que estas culturas podem vir a desempenhar na região, num quadro de aproveitamento da biomassa como recurso energético. O ensaio de produção de biomassa foi instalado em Bragança, numa área de 4ha, com Populus x euroamericana clone I-214; Salix alba x Salix fragilis; Salix. L. clone Terra Nova, Populus nigra e Fraxinus angustifolia em densidades de 10 000 e 15 000 estacas ha-1, no caso do freixo e choupo, e 15 000 e 20 000 estacas ha-1, para o salgueiro. A plantação, em que foram utilizadas estacas de 20-25 cm de comprimento, seguiu um esquema de linhas duplas distanciadas de 0,75 m e alternadas à distância de 1,5m. Os resultados da instalação foram insatisfatórios na medida em que, após o primeiro período de crescimento, a mortalidade foi muito elevada, com excepção do choupo I-214. As parcelas que sobreviveram apresentaram ao fim do segundo período de crescimento valores de biomassa modestos, apesar de se tratar do primeiro ciclo de crescimento após a instalação e apenas estarem avaliados os 2 primeiros anos de crescimento. A instalação revelou-se ainda um investimento muito avultado, particularmente no que diz respeito aos custos com o material vegetal e a mão-de-obra. Uma parte muito relevante deste trabalho consistiu na descrição quantitativa de processos relacionados com o ciclo do carbono com o intuito de avaliar o papel destas culturas no sequestro de dióxido de carbono atmosférico. O trabalho realizado com choupo descreveu a variação diária e sazonal dos fluxos de carbono entre as plantas/solo e a atmosfera, o que contribui para o conhecimento do comportamento das plantas e das culturas a estas escalas temporais, avaliar a fixação de carbono ao longo do ciclo de crescimento e ainda definir práticas de gestão das culturas, nomeadamente rega, que possam aumentar o seu crescimento e a taxa de fixação de carbono nesta região. Outros resultados incluem a caracterização da biomassa das espécies produzidas em culturas dedicadas e das espécies utilizadas tradicionalmente para lenha (carvalho negral, freixo e azinheira) em termos de composição e parâmetros energéticos. Foram ainda realizadas análises regionais da disponibilidade de áreas potenciais para a instalação de culturas de rápido crescimento bem como da oferta de energia da biomassa o que, conjuntamente com os restantes resultados obtidos, permite definir ideias gerais para a produção e utilização de biomassa para energia. Existem, em absoluto, condições no Distrito de Bragança para a instalação de culturas dedicadas de biomassa para energia em mais de 90 000ha. O Distrito produz actualmente biomassa lenhosa em sistemas florestais convencionais para gerar energia suficiente para sustentar o sector doméstico e partes de outros sectores. O incremento da oferta de biomassa lenhosa para energia a partir de culturas dedicadas poderá contribuir muito significativamente para a sustentabilidade energética da região. No entanto, a inexistência actual de conhecimentos técnicos de instalação, gestão e colheita e o elevado custo de instalação colocam incertezas relativamente à atractividade destas culturas e à sua viabilidade económica a curto/médio prazo o que condiciona o seu efectivo papel na matriz energética da região num futuro próximo