34 research outputs found
Performance Comparison of Real-Time Yard Crane Dispatching Strategies at Nontransshipment Container Terminals
Yard crane operations are often a bottleneck at a container terminal. This paper aims to investigate the effects of various real-time yard crane dispatching strategies on operational cost and gross crane rate (GCR) for nontransshipment container terminals. A general cost estimation model is introduced to incorporate the detailed costs incurred during container handling process within terminal area. The formulas of container handling related parameters are mathematically derived to validate the simulation model. Results reveal that the common nearest truck first served strategy yields the lowest operational cost but the lowest GCR. On the other hand, earliest YT strategy achieves the highest GCR at the expense of higher operational cost with more vessel calls, while nearest YT strategy produces the highest GCR and is the second economical with fewer vessel calls. Under any of the proposed yard crane dispatching strategies, the strategy that separately stacks import and export containers into different blocks outperforms the scattered stacking strategy in terms of GCR, although no distinct cost advantage is obtained. The results provide fundamental insights into the connection between real-time yard crane dispatching strategies and operational performance at manually controlled nontransshipment container terminals
Investigation and Analysis on Agricultural Biological Resources of Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County, Guizhou Province
Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County is located in the northeast of Guizhou Province, and in the border of Guizhou and Chongqing, having a subtropical humid monsoon climate. There is no severe heat in summer, and no severe cold in winter. It has distinct national characteristics, and there are many biological resources with national characteristics. A systematic investigation of biological resources in the county for nearly a month was carried out by organizing a professional investigation team. The investigation covered 5 townships and we visited 12 village committees and 26 villagers' groups, involving three ethnic groups: Gelao, Tujia and Miao. The biological resources closely related to the agricultural production and life of local ethnic groups were investigated, collected and sorted out. A total of 230 samples of all kinds of resources were collected, including 47 food crops, 75 vegetables and annual crops, 37 fruit trees and perennial crops, and 71 medicinal plants. Of these, a total of 73 were unique, superior and special resources. Based on general investigation and professional investigation, this paper analyzes the present situation, growth and decline of local agricultural biological resources, and puts forward some suggestions for the protection, development and utilization of agricultural biological resources
Ionic Strength, Surface Charge, and Packing Density Effects on the Properties of Peptide Self-Assembled Monolayers
The
various environmental parameters of packing density, ionic
strength, and solution charge were examined for their effects on the
properties of the immobilized peptide mimotope CH19 (CGSGÂSGSQLÂGPYELÂWELSH)
that binds with the therapeutic antibody Trastuzumab (Herceptin) on
a gold substrate. The immobilization of CH19 onto gold was examined
with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The QCM data showed the
presence of intermolecular interactions resulting in the increase
of viscoelastic properties of the peptide self-assembled monolayer
(SAM). The CH19 SAM was diluted with CS7 (CGSGSGS) to decrease the
packing density as CH19/CS7. The packing density and ionic strength
parameters were evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometry,
and QCM. AFM and ellipsometry showed a distinct conformational difference
between CH19 and CH19/CS7, indicating a relationship between packing
density and conformational state of the immobilized peptide. The CH19
SAM thickness was 40 Ă… with a rough topology, while the CH19/CS7
SAM thickness was 20 Ă… with a smooth topology. The affinity studies
showed that the affinity of CH19 and CH19/CS7 to Trastuzumab were
both on the order of 10<sup>7</sup> M<sup>–1</sup> in undiluted
PBS buffer, while the dilution of the buffer by 1000Ă— increased
both SAMs affinities to Trastuzumab to the order of 10<sup>15</sup> M<sup>–2</sup> and changed the binding behavior from noncooperative
to cooperative binding. This indicated that ionic strength had a more
pronounced effect on binding properties of the CH19 SAM than packing
density. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted
on the CH19/CS7 SAM, which showed an increase in impedance after each
EIS measurement cycle. Cyclic voltammetry on the CH19/CS7 SAM decreased
impedance to near initial values. The impact of the packing density,
buffer ionic strength, and local charge perturbation of the peptide
SAM properties was interpreted based on the titratable sites in CH19
that could participate in the proton transfer and water equilibrium
Self-Assembled Micelles Composed of Doxorubicin Conjugated Y-Shaped PEG-Poly(glutamic acid)2 Copolymers via Hydrazone Linkers
In this work, micelles composed of doxorubicin-conjugated Y-shaped copolymers (YMs) linked via an acid-labile linker were constructed. Y-shaped copolymers of mPEG-b-poly(glutamate-hydrazone-doxorubicin)2 and linear copolymers of mPEG-b-poly(glutamate-hydrazone-doxorubicin) were synthesized and characterized. Particle size, size distribution, morphology, drug loading content (DLC) and drug release of the micelles were determined. Alterations in size and DLC of the micelles could be achieved by varying the hydrophobic block lengths. Moreover, at fixed DLCs, YMs showed a smaller diameter than micelles composed of linear copolymers (LMs). Also, all prepared micelles showed sustained release behaviors under physiological conditions over 72 h. DOX loaded in YMs was released more completely, with 30% more drug released in acid. The anti-tumor efficacy of the micelles against HeLa cells was evaluated by MTT assays, and YMs exhibited stronger cytotoxic effects than LMs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cellular uptake studied by CLSM indicated that YMs and LMs were readily taken up by HeLa cells. According to the results of this study, doxorubicin-conjugated Y-shaped PEG-(polypeptide)2 copolymers showed advantages over linear copolymers, like assembling into smaller nanoparticles, faster drug release in acid, which may correspond to higher cellular uptake and enhanced extracellular/intracellular drug release, indicating their potential in constructing nano-sized drug delivery systems
Hydrogen Electrooxidation in Ionic Liquids Catalyzed by the NTf<sub>2</sub> Radical
Hydrogen electrooxidation
via a “hydrogen abstraction”
mechanism in an aprotic ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium
bisÂ(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) [Bmpy]Â[NTf<sub>2</sub>] under anaerobic
conditions was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and density functional
theory (DFT). It is found that a platinum bound NTf<sub>2</sub> radical
(NTf<sub>2</sub><sup><b>•</b></sup>) formed by the oxidation
of NTf<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> at anodic potential can catalyze
the oxidation of hydrogen and enhance its reaction rate. Both experimental
and theoretical studies (DFT) have supported a mechanism involving
a NTf<sub>2</sub><sup><b>•</b></sup> radical intermediate
that catalyzes the hydrogen redox processes