Multiscale Motion-Aware and Spatial-Temporal-Channel Contextual Coding Network for Learned Video Compression

Recently, learned video compression has achieved exciting performance. Following the traditional hybrid prediction coding framework, most learned methods generally adopt the motion estimation motion compensation (MEMC) method to remove inter-frame redundancy. However, inaccurate motion vector (MV) usually lead to the distortion of reconstructed frame. In addition, most approaches ignore the spatial and channel redundancy. To solve above problems, we propose a motion-aware and spatial-temporal-channel contextual coding based video compression network (MASTC-VC), which learns the latent representation and uses variational autoencoders (VAEs) to capture the characteristics of intra-frame pixels and inter-frame motion. Specifically, we design a multiscale motion-aware module (MS-MAM) to estimate spatial-temporal-channel consistent motion vector by utilizing the multiscale motion prediction information in a coarse-to-fine way. On the top of it, we further propose a spatial-temporal-channel contextual module (STCCM), which explores the correlation of latent representation to reduce the bit consumption from spatial, temporal and channel aspects respectively. Comprehensive experiments show that our proposed MASTC-VC is surprior to previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods on three public benchmark datasets. More specifically, our method brings average 10.15\% BD-rate savings against H.265/HEVC (HM-16.20) in PSNR metric and average 23.93\% BD-rate savings against H.266/VVC (VTM-13.2) in MS-SSIM metric.Comment: 12pages,12 figure

DataSheet_1_Grafting promoted antioxidant capacity and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of bitter gourd seedlings under heat stress.pdf

IntroductionHeat stress can limit vegetable growth, and this can lead to constraints on agricultural production. Grafting technologies, however, can be used to alleviate various plant stresses.MethodsIn this study, the differences in the heat stress impacts and recovery abilities of pumpkin and luffa rootstocks for bitter gourd were analyzed in terms of their antioxidant activity and carbon and nitrogen metabolism.ResultsCompared with the un-grafted and self-grafted bitter gourd, which suffered from heat stress at 40°C for 24 h, heterologously grafted bitter gourd showed higher heat stability of the cell membrane (relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content were reduced), reduced oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity was increased and the reactive oxygen species content reduced), and increased enzyme activity (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, neutral invertase, and acid invertase) and sugar content (soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose, and glucose) in carbon metabolism. The enzyme activity (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase) and product content (nitrate and nitrite) of nitrogen metabolism were also found to be increased, and this inhibited the accumulation of ammonium ions. After the seedlings were placed at 25°C for 24 h, the heterogeneous rootstocks could rapidly restore the growth of the bitter gourd seedlings by promoting the antioxidant and carbon and nitrogen metabolism systems. When luffa was used as rootstock, its performance on the indexes was better than that of pumpkin. The correlation between the various indicators was demonstrated using a principal component and correlation analysis.DiscussionThe luffa rootstock was found to be more conducive to reducing cell damage and energy loss in bitter gourd seedlings caused by heat induction through the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis and the promotion of carbon and nitrogen metabolism.</p

Variation in the Main Health-Promoting Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Three Leafy Vegetables in Southwest China

Malabar spinach (Basella alba), amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) are leafy vegetables found in Southwest China. The variation of chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity was studied in the leaves and stems of the three vegetables. The content of main health-promoting compounds and the antioxidant capacity in the leaves were higher than that in the stems, indicating that the leaves of the three vegetables possess greater nutritional value. The trend of total flavonoids in all three vegetables was similar to the trend of antioxidant capacity, suggesting that the total flavonoids may be the major antioxidants wihin these vegetables. Eight individual phenolic compounds were detected in three different vegetables. The most abundant levels of individual phenolic compounds in the leaves and stems of malabar spinach, amaranth, and sweet potato were 6′-O-feruloyl-d-sucrose (9.04 and 2.03 mg g−1 DW), hydroxyferulic acid (10.14 and 0.73 mg g−1 DW), and isorhamnetin-7-O-glucoside (34.93 and 6.76 mg g−1 DW), respectively. Sweet potato exhibited a higher total and individual phenolic compound content compared to malabar spinach and amaranth. Overall, the results demonstrate that the three leafy vegetables possess high nutritional value, and could be used not only for consumption but also in various other fields, including medicine and chemistry

Effect of the Number of Dark Days and Planting Density on the Health-Promoting Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Capacity of Mustard (Brassica juncea) Sprouts

Mustard is an edible vegetable in the genus Brassica with tender and clean sprouts and short growth cycles that has become a rich source of nutrients required by humans. Here, the effects of dark exposure duration and planting density on the health-promoting phytochemicals and the antioxidant capacity of mustard sprouts were evaluated. The content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoids and the antioxidant capacity of mustard were higher in the two-day dark treatment; the content of indolic glucosinolates was also more affected in the dark day experiment than in the planting density experiment. The soluble sugar, soluble protein, and aliphatic and total glucosinolate levels were higher when sprouts were grown at high densities (6&ndash;7 g per tray); however, no significant variation was observed in the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids and the antioxidant capacity. The results of this study show that the optimum cultivation regime for maximizing the concentrations of nutrients of mustard plants is a planting density of 6 g of seeds per tray and a two-day dark treatment

Physiological and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism by Which Exogenous 24-Epibrassinolide Application Enhances Drought Resistance in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Drought stress is a key factor limiting the growth and tuber yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been shown to alleviate drought stress in several plant species; however, little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which BRs enhance drought resistance in potatoes. Here, we characterized changes in the physiology and transcriptome of the tetraploid potato variety &lsquo;Xuanshu-2&prime; in response to drought stress after 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) pretreatment. The abscisic acid (ABA) content, photosynthetic capacity, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased; the intercellular CO2 concentration, relative conductivity, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, proline, and soluble sugar content were decreased after EBR pretreatment compared with plants under drought stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1330 differently expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the response to drought stress after EBR pretreatment. DEGs were enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, circadian rhythm, flavonoid biosynthesis, and carotenoid biosynthesis. DEGs associated with the BR signaling and biosynthesis pathways, as well as ABA metabolic pathways were identified. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which BRs enhance the drought resistance of potatoes

<i>EG1</i> encodes a functional lipase predominately localized in mitochondria.

<p>(a) Co-localization of EG1-GFP or GFP-EG1 fusion protein with mitochondria in rice protoplasts. Mitochondria are marked by dye Mito Tracker Red (MT Red) or MTS-mOrange protein. (b) Localization analysis of EG1-GFP and chloroplasts in rice protoplasts. An <i>EG1-GFP</i> driven by <i>35S</i> or native promoter is shown in the left and right, respectively. Chloroplasts are detected by its auto-fluorescence. Mitochondria are marked by Mito Tracker Red (MT Red). (c) Localization of mitochondrial (<i>35SPro</i>:<i>COX11-GFP</i>) [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006152#pgen.1006152.ref060" target="_blank">60</a>] (up) and cellular (<i>35SPro</i>:<i>GFP</i>) (bottom) controls of rice protoplasts. DIC, pictures photographed by differential interference contrast microscope. Bar = 10 μm. (d) Subcellular fractionation assay. Mit, mitochondria fraction; Chl, chloroplasts fraction; α-FLAG, antibody of FLAG-EG1; α-AOX1/2 and α-COXII, specific antibodies of mitochondrial proteins AOX1/2 and COXII; α-RbcL and α-PsbA, specific antibodies of chloroplast proteins RbcL and PsbA. (e) Lipase activity of EG1 in vitro with P-nPB as a substrate at 30°C. EG1 (Full) and EG1 (Δ45) respectively refer to fusion proteins of full-length or no N-terminal (45 aa) protein of EG1 and SUMO peptide. DGL and pp lipase (porcine pancreatic lipase) were used as positive controls. Values are means ± SE for three independent experiments.</p

Temperature-dependent floral plasticity of <i>eg1</i>.

<p>(a) Floral plasticity of <i>eg1-1</i> (ZF802) under two different temperature conditions. (b) Floral plasticity of <i>eg1-2</i> (ZH11) under two different temperature conditions. Spikelet phenotypes and statistical analysis are shown in the left and right of (a) and (b). Variable phenotypes of spikelets are defined as in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006152#pgen.1006152.s015" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>. le, lemma; pa, palea; eg, empty glume; if, inflorescence primordia; lel, lemma-like organ; pl, palea-lemma mosaic organ; leg, long empty glume in spikelet structures. Bars = 2 mm. Values are means ± SE, number of analyzed panicles >10, and significant difference was determined by ANOVA, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.</p

Subspecific variations of <i>eg1</i> floral plasticity.

<p>(a) Floral plasticity of <i>eg1</i> alleles in two exchanged backgrounds. <i>eg1-1</i> (ZF802>ZH11) and <i>eg1-2</i> (ZH11>ZF802) show <i>eg1-1</i> and <i>eg1-2</i> backcrossed into ZH11 or ZF802 backgrounds, respectively. (b) Floral plasticity of <i>eg1-4</i> in <i>indica</i> Dular background. Statistical analysis of two types of panicles according to rs (Type I and Type II) are shown. (c) Floral plasticity of <i>eg1-5</i> and <i>-6</i> in <i>japonica</i> Nipponbare background. Statistical analysis of the two independent lines are shown. LS Feb, Lingshui Feb. LS Apr, Lingshui Apr. Beijing, Beijing summer. Lingshui, Lingshui winter. Variable phenotypes of spikelets are defined as in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006152#pgen.1006152.s015" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>, and percentages of them in a panicle are shown in the y axis. le, lemma; pa, palea; st, stamen; eg, empty glume; if, inflorescence primordia; sp, smaller pa; lel, lemma-like organ; pl, palea-lemma mosaic organ. Bars = 2 mm. Values are means ± SE, number of analyzed panicles ≥ 5, and significant difference was determined by ANOVA, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.</p

High temperature-dependent manner of <i>EG1</i> in floral robustness regulation.

<p>(a) RT-qPCR analysis of <i>EG1</i> expression induced by high temperatures in two wild-types. Values are means ± SE (n = 3), and significant difference was determined by ANOVA, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and rice <i>α-TUBULIN</i> as the reference. (b) Western blot analysis of FLAG-EG1 protein accumulation under different temperatures and different tissues in the <i>EG1</i> complementation lines for 24 hr. Cp, Complementation lines; Ct, non-transgenic wild-type control. HC, Heavy chain of IgG; NS, Nonspecific band (as a loading control). (c) Temperature-dependent lipase activity of EG1. EG1 (Full) and EG1 (Δ45) respectively refer to full-length and no N-terminal (45 AA) protein of EG1 fused to SUMO peptide. Values are means ± SE for three independent experiments. (d) Floral phenotypes of <i>eg1</i> mutants in a condition of 40°C light 12 hr / 30°C dark 12 hr. Spikelets of <i>eg1-1</i> with pl, eg and rs phenotypes are shown on i, ii and iii, respectively. Spikelets of <i>eg1-2</i> with eg and pl phenotypes are shown on iv and v, and with multilayer lemma-like glumes (lel) and/or undetermined inflorescences primordia are on vi to x. x is the inside of ix. le, lemma; pl, palea-lemma mosaic organ; eg, empty glume; lel, lemma-like organ; pa, palea; st, stamen; if, inflorescence primordia. Bars = 2 mm.</p