3,106 research outputs found
Silicon implantation in GaAs
The electrical properties of room-temperature Si implants in GaAs have been studied. The implantations were done at 300 keV with doses ranging from 1.7×10^13 to 1.7×10^15 cm^–2. The implanted samples were annealed with silicon nitride encapsulants in H2 atmosphere for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 800 to 900°C to electrically activate the implanted ions. Results show that the implanted layers are n type, which implies that the Si ions preferentially go into Ga sites substitutionally. For low-dose implants, high (~90%) electrical activation of the implanted ions is achieved and the depth distribution of the free-electron concentration in the implanted layer roughly follows a Gaussian. However, for high-dose implants, the activation is poor (<15% for a 900 °C anneal) and the electron concentration profile is flat and deeper than the expected range
On X-Channels with Feedback and Delayed CSI
The sum degrees of freedom (DoF) of the two-user MIMO X-channel is
characterized in the presence of output feedback and delayed channel state
information (CSI). The number of antennas at each transmitters is assumed to be
M and the number of antennas at each of the receivers is assumed to be N. It is
shown that the sum DoF of the two-user MIMO X-channel is the same as the sum
DoF of a two-user MIMO broadcast channel with 2M transmit antennas, and N
antennas at each receiver. Hence, for this symmetric antenna configuration,
there is no performance loss in the sum degrees of freedom due to the
distributed nature of the transmitters. This result highlights the usefulness
of feedback and delayed CSI for the MIMO X-channel.
The K-user X-channel with single antenna at each transmitter and each
receiver is also studied. In this network, each transmitter has a message
intended for each receiver. For this network, it is shown that the sum DoF with
partial output feedback alone is at least 2K/(K+1). This lower bound is
strictly better than the best lower bound known for the case of delayed CSI
assumption for all values of K.Comment: Submitted to IEEE ISIT 2012 on Jan 22, 201
Perfect Output Feedback in the Two-User Decentralized Interference Channel
In this paper, the -Nash equilibrium (-NE) region of the two-user
Gaussian interference channel (IC) with perfect output feedback is approximated
to within bit/s/Hz and arbitrarily close to bit/s/Hz. The
relevance of the -NE region is that it provides the set of rate-pairs
that are achievable and stable in the IC when both transmitter-receiver pairs
autonomously tune their own transmit-receive configurations seeking an
-optimal individual transmission rate. Therefore, any rate tuple outside
the -NE region is not stable as there always exists one link able to
increase by at least bits/s/Hz its own transmission rate by updating its
own transmit-receive configuration. The main insights that arise from this work
are: The -NE region achieved with feedback is larger than or equal
to the -NE region without feedback. More importantly, for each rate pair
achievable at an -NE without feedback, there exists at least one rate
pair achievable at an -NE with feedback that is weakly Pareto superior.
There always exists an -NE transmit-receive configuration that
achieves a rate pair that is at most bit/s/Hz per user away from the outer
bound of the capacity region.Comment: Revised version (Aug. 2015
First-principles study of possible shallow donors in ZnAl2O4 spinel
ZnAl2O4 (gahnite) is a ceramic which is considered a possible transparent conducting oxide (TCO) due to its wide band gap and transparency for UV. Defects play an important role in controlling the conductivity of a TCO material along with the dopant, which is the main source of conductivity in an otherwise insulating oxide. A comprehensive first-principles density functional theory study for point defects in ZnAl2O4 spinel is presented using the Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof hybrid functional (HSE06) to overcome the band gap problem. We have investigated the formation energies of intrinsic defects which include the Zn, Al, and O vacancy and the antisite defects: Zn at the Al site (Zn-Al) and Al at the Zn site (Al-Zn). The antisite defect Al-Zn has the lowest formation energy and acts as a shallow donor, indicating possible n-type conductivity in ZnAl2O4 spinel by Al doping
Mutual Information in Frequency and its Application to Measure Cross-Frequency Coupling in Epilepsy
We define a metric, mutual information in frequency (MI-in-frequency), to
detect and quantify the statistical dependence between different frequency
components in the data, referred to as cross-frequency coupling and apply it to
electrophysiological recordings from the brain to infer cross-frequency
coupling. The current metrics used to quantify the cross-frequency coupling in
neuroscience cannot detect if two frequency components in non-Gaussian brain
recordings are statistically independent or not. Our MI-in-frequency metric,
based on Shannon's mutual information between the Cramer's representation of
stochastic processes, overcomes this shortcoming and can detect statistical
dependence in frequency between non-Gaussian signals. We then describe two
data-driven estimators of MI-in-frequency: one based on kernel density
estimation and the other based on the nearest neighbor algorithm and validate
their performance on simulated data. We then use MI-in-frequency to estimate
mutual information between two data streams that are dependent across time,
without making any parametric model assumptions. Finally, we use the MI-in-
frequency metric to investigate the cross-frequency coupling in seizure onset
zone from electrocorticographic recordings during seizures. The inferred
cross-frequency coupling characteristics are essential to optimize the spatial
and spectral parameters of electrical stimulation based treatments of epilepsy.Comment: This paper is accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Signal
Processing and contains 15 pages, 9 figures and 1 tabl
Sequential nature of damage annealing and activation in implanted GaAs
Rapid thermal processing of implanted GaAs reveals a definitive sequence in the damage annealing and the electrical activation of ions. Removal of implantation-induced damage and restoration of GaAs crystallinity occurs first. Irrespective of implanted species, at this stage the GaAs is n-type and highly resistive with almost ideal values of electron mobility. Electrical activation is achieved next when, in a narrow anneal temperature window, the material becomes n- or p-type, or remains semi-insulating, commensurate to the chemical nature of the implanted ion. Such a two-step sequence in the electrical doping of GaAs by ion implantation may be unique of GaAs and other compound semiconductors
Complexes of La(III), Pr(III) & Nd(III) with Nitrilotriacetic Acid as Primary Ligand & Hydroxy Acids as Secondary Ligands
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