Utilising Virtual Reality in Car Visualisation

This paper illustrates and investigates the potential of using 3D Studio Max in enhancing the car visualisation effects. 3D Studio Max is an alternative tool that can be used in presenting car visualisation. This paper describes the implementation processes and the lessons learned in the “findings” throughout the development process by using various software. The objectives are to obtain information on the process behaviour without a real implementation of the car physical body yet, shortening set up times of producing a car visualisation by utilising virtual reality (VR), minimising costs in terms of not creating the physical body of the car yet but through car visualisation to view on the car, and comparison of advantages and disadvantages between 3D Studio Max and Cortona VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) Client-Overall the conclusions answer the objectives which have been stated in the early stage. First it allows obtaining information on the process behaviour without a real implementation of the car physical part. This is because from the preliminary design the specific kind of design is being set. Then through the design stage after the car visual&ion is being animated, the car visualisation can be seen without making the car model yet. Next the project answers the objective of shortening set up times because the project only takes 3 months to do the car visualisation. Besides it also minimise costs because we can see the final outcome through car visualisation. Lastly, the comparison advantages and disadvantages between 3D Studio Max and Cortona had been made. The significant from the project is that 3D Studio Max can serve as an alternative tool for car visualisation. However there are limitations of the software. If compared to Cortona, it is a better tool for interaction because the user can interact with the car visualisation by using the "walkthrough" option. Cortona also has its own limitations compare to 3D Studio Max. In future, the car visualisation can be implemented into designing the new industrial product features before implementing it

Production, safety, health effects and applications of diacylglycerol functional oil in food systems: a review

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a world leading anti-obesity functional cooking oil synthesized via structural modification of conventional fats and oils. DAG exits in three stereoisomers namely sn-1,2-DAG, sn-1,3-DAG, and sn-2,3-DAG. DAG particularly sn-1,3-DAG demonstrated to have the potential in suppressing body fat accumulation and lowering postprandial serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol and glucose level. DAG also showed to improve bone health. This is attributed to DAG structure itself that caused it to absorb and digest via different metabolic pathway than conventional fats and oils. With its purported health benefits, many studies attempt to enzymatically or chemically synthesis DAG through various routes. DAG has also received wide attention as low calorie fat substitute and has been incorporated into various food matrixes. Despite being claimed as healthy cooking oil the safety of DAG still remained uncertain. DAG was banned from sale as it was found to contain probable carcinogen glycidol fatty acid esters. The article aims to provide a comprehensive and latest review of DAG emphasizing on its structure and properties, safety and regulation, process developments, metabolism and beneficial health attributes as well as its applications in the food industry

Review on the current state of diacylglycerol production using enzymatic approach

Enzymatic production of diacylglycerol (DAG)-enriched oil has been investigated extensively due to its health benefits with total annual sales of approximately USD 200 million in Japan since its introduction in the late 1990s till 2009. Enzymatic catalysis had been proven to exhibit improved results with respect to yield, purity, reaction time, and stability in comparison with chemical catalysis. The cost of the enzymes, however, is the main hurdle to the widespread use of enzyme for commercial DAG production. This paper attempts to review and summarize various lipase-mediated technological methods for DAG production. Critical aspects such as process considerations on DAG synthesis, mass transfer limitations as well as kinetic mechanism models developed for each enzymatic approach in DAG synthesis are also presented and discussed. In addition, possible reactor configurations were evaluated, if lipase-assisted DAG production is to be technically and economically feasible at an industrial scale

Physicochemical properties and crystallisation behaviour of bakery shortening produced from stearin fraction of palm-based diacyglycerol blended with various vegetable oils

The stearin fraction of palm-based diacylglycerol (PDAGS) was produced from dry fractionation of palm-based diacylglycerol (PDAG). Bakery shortening blends were produced by mixing PDAGS with either palm mid fraction, PMF (PDAGS/PMF), palm olein, POL(PDAGS/POL) or sunflower oil, SFO (PDAGS/SFO) at PDAGS molar fraction of XPDAGS = 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%. The physicochemical results obtained indicated that C16:0 and C18:1 were the dominant fatty acids for PDAGS/PMF and PDAGS/POL, while C18:1 and C18:2 were dominant in the PDAGS/SFO mixtures. SMP and SFC of the PDAGS were reduced with the addition of PMF, POL and SFO. Binary mixtures of PDAGS/PMF had better structural compatibility and full miscibility with each other. PDAGS/PMF and PDAGS/SFO crystallised in β′+β polymorphs in the presence of 0.4–0.5% PDAGS while PDAGS/POL resulted in β polymorphs crystal. The results gave indication that PDAGS: PMF at 50%:50% and 60%:40% (w/w) were the most suitable fat blend to be used as bakery shortening

Modeling and optimization of lipase-catalyzed partial hydrolysis for diacylglycerol production in packed bed reactor

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process variables namely packed bed height (cm) and flow rates (ml/min) on diacylglycerol (DAG) production via partial hydrolysis of palm oil using immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase in packed bed reactor (PBR). Quadratic models were successfully developed for both DAG(y) and unhydrolyzed triacylglycerol ((un)TAG) with determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9931 and 0.9986, respectively coupled with insignificant lack of fit (p > 0.05). Optimal conditions for DAG synthesis were evaluated to be 10 cm packed bed height and 3.8 ml/min flow rate. Immobilized enzyme can be reused up to 10 times without significant changes in enzymatic activity. The partial hydrolysis under studied was found to be mass transfer-controlled

Modeling and control of a class of aerial robotic systems

The objectives of this thesis are to propose a new linear uncertain model with bounded uncertainties for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) helicopter system and to propose two new advanced nonlinear kernel controls for the UAV helicopter flight control system using the newly obtained linear uncertain model. The two new control algorithms are based on the Model Following Variable Structure Control (MFVSC) and the deterministic control. They are able to cope with system parameters variations due to the different flight conditions. The first proposed controller is the deterministic control approach augmented MFVSC. The second proposed controller is the deterministic control approach augmented MFVSC with nonlinear state feedback control. Two theorems have been derived based on the two newly developed control algorithms. The two theorems are stable in terms of the second method of Lyapunov provided that the assumptions for the proposed theorems are satisfied. Extensive simulations with different flight conditions and various controller design parameters have been carried out in this study to evaluate the performance and the robustness of the two new control techniques. The simulation results show that the two proposed control algorithms are capable of rendering the system state to track the desired state motion

China's outward foreign direct investments : analysis of its investments, track record to date and likely future trends

56 p.Chinese outward foreign direct investment is less prominent and less studied than inward foreign direct investments into China, but it is a rising trend and has important implications for China, other countries and many multinational firms. This paper starts with an overview of Chinese outward foreign investments. A broad discussion of its development and trend over time is followed by statistics showing the distribution of investments by industries and geographical locations. The significant points are highlighted for further analysis in a subsequent chapter.Master of Arts (Contemporary China

Accounting for leases : impacts and effects of choice of method on the financial ratios of companies listed on the stock exchange of Singapore

Historically, rentals on leases could be charged to profit and loss account without further disclosure about the future obligations under the lease agreement. However, with the implementation of Statement of Accounting Standard (SAS) 15 which was effective from 1st January 1985, the prevailing practice was changed.ACCOUNTANC