Models Comparative Study for Estimating Crop Water Requirement and Irrigation Scheduling of Maize in Metekel Zone, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia

This study was aimed to compare estimation methods of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling for major crops using different models and compare the significance of models for adoption at different situations in Metekel zone. Crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of maize in selected districts of Metekel zone were estimated using CropWat model based on soil, crop and meteorological data and AquaCrop based on soil, crop and meteorological data including Co2, groundwater, field management, and fertility status. Model performance was evaluated using Normalized Root mean square errors (NRMSE), model by Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Prediction error (Pe), and Model efficiency (MF). It is observed that the maximum reference evapotranspiration in the study area was found to be 7.1 mm/day in Guba and minimum reference evapotranspiration was 2.9 mm/day in Bullen district. In all cases, the maximum ETo in all districts was fund to in March and the lowest in August. The maximum ETc of maize was found to be 702.4mm in Guba district and minimum ETc was found to be 572.6mm in Bullen district using CropWat but the effective rainfall (Pe) for maize were determined as 185mm respectively in Wembera district. However, using AquaCrop model the maximum ETc of 565 mm was recorded in Guba but 425 mm was recorded as minimum in Wembera district for irrigated maize in the study area. The study revealed that the irrigation scheduling with a fixed interval criterion for maize 10 days with 12 irrigation events has been determined. Moreover, furrow irrigation with 60 % irrigation application efficiency was adjusted during irrigation water applications for all districts. The performance of the irrigation schedule and crop response was evaluated by the analysis results in the simulation using different models. It has been observed that there was a strong relationship and a significant relation between the simulated and observed values for validation. Hence, Normalized Root mean square errors (NRMSE), model by Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Prediction error (Pe), and Model efficiency (MF) showed that AquaCrop model well simulated in all parameters considered. AquaCrop model is the most suitable soil-water-crop-environment management model, so future studies should suggest a focus on addressing deficit irrigation strategy with different field management conditions to improve agricultural water productivity under irrigated agriculture for the study area for major crops. Keywords: Depilation, Irrigation events, AquaCrop, Fixed interval and Deficit Irrigation. DOI: 10.7176/JEES/13-1-01 Publication date: January 31st 202

Assessment of Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes Mellitus on Patients Attending at Three Hospitals in Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic metabolic disorders of carbohydrates, proteins and fat in almost all countries, and it continues to be increased in magnitude and clinical significance, as lifestyle changes lead to reduce physical activity and increased obesity. A cross sectional study was conducted from July1 to August 15, 2011 in three Hospitals of Wolaita Zone using purposive sampling technique until required sample size of 348 was achieved. Patients with type II diabetes mellitus were selected based on sample size determination technique for single population. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 16.0. Frequencies and graphs were used to describe selected variables.348 study subjects have participated in the study. As per the age distributions 188 (54 %) of study participants were found to be above age of 50 years. The mean ± SD age of type II patients was 51.9±13.6 and age range between 19 years and 83 years. Hundred and seventy nine (51.4%) of the study participants were males. With respect to educational levels 86 (24.7%) of the study participants have completed primary school (grade 1-4) followed by illiterates 75 (21.6%). Regarding income, 106 (30.5%) of type II diabetic patients have monthly income more than 1500 ETB. A high proportion of risk factors observed in type II diabetes mellitus were   being male, older age group greater than 50, overweight and with higher monthly income. The risk rate of type II diabetes mellitus was higher among urban residence, primary level of education. Most of the diabetic cases had BMI >25 kg/m2 which is a risk factor for the development of type II Diabetes. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia and Risk Factors DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-23-04 Publication date: December 31st 2020

Exploring Gumaa as an indispensable psycho-social method of conflict resolution and justice administration

Oromo as a society, like many African societies, is rich in indigenous institutions of conflict resolution and justice administration. Gumaa is one of the multitude of Oromo indigenous institutions that has exclusively been used to settle blood feuds of various types. In spite of its wider utilisation and its multi-disciplinary nature, psycho-social analysis of gumaa is lacking in literature. With an aim of helping to fill this gap and of maximising gumaa’s potential contributions to conflict resolution, justice administration and peacebuilding, this article offers a psycho-social perspective on gumaa. Having analysed combined data from multiple sources regarding gumaa within psychological and social frameworks, the author identifies and highlights six interrelated theses (themes) about the key roles gumaa plays in conflict resolution, justice administration and peacebuilding (in cases of homicide). Finally, based on the themes identified and highlighted and other pertinent elaborations and case material, the author theorises gumaa as a vital psycho-social method of confl ict resolution, justice administration and peacebuilding and calls for its offi cial recognition and revitalisation as per article 78(5) of the Constitution of Ethiopia.African Journal on Conflict Resolution, Volume 13, Number 1, 201

Deliberative Democracy and Empowerment: An Analysis of the Toronto Community Housing Corporation’s Tenant Participation System

This paper examines whether programs that adopt the principles of deliberative democracy can evoke feelings of empowerment among participants. Interviews with residents of the Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) were conducted to determine whether tenants who participate in the Tenant Participation System, specifically the participatory budgeting program, become empowered. The findings reveal that deliberative democracy is consistent with high levels of empowerment and tenants felt that empowerment was derived from a decision-making process that they were able to control

Prevalence and Determinants of Episiotomy: Cross Sectional Survey

Introduction: Episiotomy is one of the most common procedures in obstetrics; defined as perineum enlargement incision during the second stage of labor to increase the diameter of vaginal outlet to facilitate baby birth. Restrictive episiotomy involves performing an episiotomy only when there is an indication. The 2018 WHO episiotomy policy recommend to avoid routine or liberal use of episiotomy for women undergoing spontaneous vaginal birth. However, high prevalence of episiotomy are reported in developing countries and there is limited assessments in the study area. Methods: Cross sectional study design was employed to assess the prevalence and determinants of episiotomy in St.Paul’s Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study included all vaginal deliveries from July- June2016 in the hospital. Medical charts for 344 deliveries in the selected period were reviewed for analysis. Systematic sampling was followed to employ study participants. Data were cleaned and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 for Windows. Means, Percentages and Ratios were be calculated and cross tabulation used to compare different variables and subjected to Chi-square analysis to assess various relationships with a significance level of P < 0.05. Result: A total of 344 women who had a vaginal delivery were included in the study. The age of the women ranges from 18-40 years, with the mean age of 25.53 (SD± 4.601) years. The prevalence of episiotomy was 41.9%. Binary logistics analysis showed statistically significance relationship between practice of episiotomy with parity (P<0.001) and place of ANC follow up (P=0.019), with duration of second stage of labour (P=0.001) and weight of the new born (P<0.001). Conclusion: The study indicated high prevalence of episiotomy practice compared to the WHO recommended restrictive practice. Guidelines and evaluation of the practice has to be in place to improve the safe practice of episiotomy in the institution. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/69-02 Publication date:March 31st 202