RECYCLING OF SPENT SOLUTIONS OF TANNERY LIQUID WASTE

Over the years, treatment of tannery waste-Water put a considerable burden on the total cost of production, be it pickled, in wet-blue, crust or finished leather. After 1980 a very stringent regulation has been imposed on the quality and purity of the waste waters that go to the drain. The high amount of money charged for effluent tannery waste-water, lead most of the tanneries to close down with increasingly stringent environmental requirements, it has become necessary to reduce the pollution load in waste-water to a minimum. This has been done by treating tannery waste-water biologically with expensive undertaking as no income or revenue is obtained at the end. For these reasons, recycling of spent solutions from soaking through retannage has been applied in this work with a considerable saving of 40% and 75%, chemicals and water, as well as protection of the environment from these polluting chemicals as compared with the standard process without recycling. The treatment of tannery waste-water is done through addition of the required materials to each process and recycling of the spent solution. After the process is completed the pelts are unloaded, the once-used solution is topped up with the required make-up and reused. The process of recycling is repeated seven times from one batch to another. By this method of recycling there will be saving in water, chemicals and protection of the environment. The leather processed using recycled solution adjusted with a make-up showed comparatively good physical and chemical properties. The tensile strength obtained is acceptable, and the elongation at grain crack is very good, the load at grain burst is also 200kg/cm2. The elongation at grain crack is equal to the tensile strength. In conclusion it is recommended to apply recycling of tannery used solutions from soaking through retanning processes. The total cost will be reduced, then there will be saving in chemicals and clean environmen

Effect of Low Seed Rate on Seed and Forage Yield of Alfalfa in the River Nile State, Sudan

An on-farm survey of plant population of one year old, yet highly productive alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) swards in Khartoum North area, revealed that the plant population after one year from establishment, was equal to that resulting from a seed rate of I .5 kg/ha (i.e. 2.8% of the sown seeds). This suggested that the optimum seed rate for the production of each of the forage and seed of alfalfa in Sudan should be reconsidered. In this context, an experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station for three years during the period of Dec. 1995 - January 1998 to study the time course forage and seed yield patterns of alfalfa sown with five low seed rates (i.e., 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6 and 12 kg/ha). The results indicated that the highest seed rate (12 kg/ha) produced the highest forage yield in a few cuts only. The variations among the time course forage yields of the various seed rates over the two years were either nonsignificant or enatic. The cumulative annual forage yield of the two higher seed rates, (9.6  and 12 kg/ha) was invariably higher than those of the other seed rates. For seed yield, the lowest seed rate (i.e., 2.4 kg/ha) resulted in the highest seed yield in the first two seed production cycles (SPC) in 1996 as well as in the annual total of the first year. Differences among the seed rates in other SPCs as well as the annual total of 1997 were either lacking or erratic. It is therefore, concluded that for dual purpose (forage and seed) alfalfa, the seed rate should not exceed 9.6 kg/ha, and for seed production the seed rate of 2.4 kg/ha is the optimum

Pengaruh luas lahan terhadap produksi perkebunan rakyat di Provinsi Sumatera Utara 2014-2017

Latar belakang masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah beberapa jenis tanaman perkebunan rakyat di Provinsi Sumatera Utara 2014-2017 mengalami fluktuasi. Seperti: pada tahun 2015 produksi tanaman karet mengalami penurunan sebanyak 1.000,82 (Ton) atau 0,5 persen, dan pada tahun 2016-2017 mengalami peningkatan, sedangkan pada tahun 2015 luas lahan tanaman karet mengalami peningkatan sebanyak 2. 404,00 (Ha) atau 1 persen, dan pada tahun 2016-2017 mengalami penurunan. Bukan hanya jenis tanaman karet yang mengalami hal itu, jenis tanaman lainnya juga seperti: kopi, coklat, minyak nilam, tebu, dan kapulaga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah luas lahan memberikan pengaruh terhadap produksi secara parsial pada perkebunan rakyat di Provinsi Sumatera Utara 2014- 2017. Pembahasan penelitian ini mengenai bidang ilmu ekonomi yaitu analisis Dinas Perkebunan dan pendekatan yang dilakukan adalah teori-teori yang berkaitan dengan produksi. Teori dalam penelitian ini berkaitan dengan teori luas lahan dengan produksi. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif, sumber data sekunder dengan bentuk panel sebanyak 40 sampel. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik pencarian data dan dokumentasi yang ada di website Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara (www.bpssumut.go.id) pada subsector perkebunan Provinsi Sumatera Utara 2014-2017. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah uji deskriptif, uji prasyarat (normalitas), metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode pemilihan model data panel, uji t, dan analisis regresi data panel. Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan alat bantu statistic yaitu Eviews 9 dengan data pengujian statistiknya murupakan data panel yng merupakan kombinasi data cross section dan data time series. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa luas lahan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produksi denga nilai thitung > ttabel (4.194406 > 1.684875). Uji koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,999 yang berarti produksi perkebunan rakyat mampu dijelaskan oleh variabel independen yaitu sebesar 99.9 persen

Increasing urban flood resilience through public participation: A case study of Tuti Island in Khartoum, Sudan

Over the past 30 years, Sudan has experienced several severe floods which have caused loss of life and significant damage to property. The frequency and intensity of floods in Sudan are predicted to increase as a result of climate change. The main objective of this research was to assist policymakers in establishing a mechanism for public participation in Sudan to enable communities to be engaged in improving flood risk management. This paper focuses on Tuti Island, which is located near the confluence of the Blue and White Niles in Khartoum which is severely affected by flooding. The research was based on surveys and interviews with both officials and the public to examine the degree of public participation in mitigating flood risks. The research concluded that Sudan has no policy or official way of engaging the public in disaster risk reduction; however, the traditional method of social mobilization called Nafeer (building together) can play a significant role in increasing communities' flood resilience. Establishing a clear framework for public participation, such as Nafeer, for the various stages of the flood management cycle that coordinates with decision-makers can help increase the resilience of urban areas in low-income countries like Sudan

Improving Safety around the West Hyattsville Metro Station

Final Project for PLCY400: Senior Capstone (Spring 2024). University of Maryland, College ParkThe West Hyattsville Metro Station in Prince George’s County, Maryland, is a crucial piece of transportation infrastructure that allows those who live in the Mount Rainier area to access jobs and resources across the region. However, the area around the station is prone to collisions between cars and pedestrians and cyclists and is in a somewhat crime-ridden area. This can make safely accessing and using this vital infrastructure difficult for people who live in the surrounding community. Our group used a mixed-methodology approach to uncover the problems around the station and best practices to remedy them. Academic articles, reports, maps, interviews, and site visits revealed the area’s problems and possible solutions. We found insufficient cycling infrastructure, missing pedestrian infrastructure, and an environment that doesn’t protect against crime. To increase safety and access to the West Hyattsville Metro Station for the surrounding community, we recommend: HAWK crossing signals, lane reductions, street art, median refuge islands, crosswalks, and sidewalks to increase pedestrian safety cycle tracks, protected intersections, and speed limit reductions on various roads to increase cyclist safety lighting and security cameras on surrounding trails developing WMATA’s lots and eliminating negative land use features through redevelopment. Our recommendations don’t reflect financial considerations. Instead, we created a set of recommendations that attempt to maximize safety based on current best practices. Additionally, we did not account for how the recommendations would impact traffic flow, which would require different data and expertise.Prince George’s Count