Frugivores At Higher Risk Of Extinction Are The Key Elements Of A Mutualistic Network

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Most tree species rely on vertebrates for seed dispersal, and many vertebrates use fruits as food resources in tropical forests. Therefore, plant-frugivore interactions affect population dynamics and persistence in ecological communities. Plant-frugivore interactions often involve many species, forming networks of interacting plants and animals that play different roles in determining network organization. The network organization is the way interactions are structured in the community, which may have consequences for its ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Some species have greater influences on network organization and may be particularly important to species persistence. We identified the frugivores most important to the organization of networks of plants and frugivorous birds in three contiguous Atlantic forest sites in southeastern Brazil. We found that the species that contributed most to network organization were at higher risk of extinction. Among the main contributors to network organization were two cotingas and a toucan, large-bodied species that disperse seeds from many plants and are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and hunting. As a consequence, ongoing extinctions may significantly affect the organization of plant-frugivore interactions in the studied system. We hypothesize that the crucial role of some threatened frugivores may occur in other seed dispersal systems in tropical communities, although the association between structural importance and degree of threat may be contingent on peculiarities of local communities and disturbances.951234403447CAPES; São Paulo Research Foundation; #2009/54422-8; FAPESP; São Paulo Research Foundation; #2010/11633-6; FAPESP; São Paulo Research FoundationFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Allesina, S., Tang, S., Stability criteria for complex ecosystems (2012) Nature, 483, pp. 205-208Almeida-Neto, M., Guimarães, P., Guimarães, P.R., Jr., Loyola, R.D., Ulrich, W., A consistent metric for nestedness analysis in ecological systems: Reconciling concept and measurement (2008) Oikos, 117, pp. 1227-1239Banks-Leite, C., Ewers, R.M., Metzger, J.P., Unraveling the drivers of community dissimilarity and species extinction in fragmented landscapes (2012) Ecology, 93, pp. 2560-2569Bascompte, J., Jordano, P., Plant-animal mutualistic networks: The architecture of biodiversity (2007) Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38, pp. 567-593Bascompte, J., Jordano, P., Melián, C.J., Olesen, J.M., The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, pp. 9383-9387Carlo, T.A., Yang, S., Network models of frugivory and seed dispersal: Challenges and opportunities (2011) Acta Oecologica, 37, pp. 619-624Da Silva, J.M.C., Tabarelli, M., Tree species impoverishment and the future flora of the atlantic forest of Northeast Brazil (2000) Nature, 404, pp. 72-74(2008) Plano de Manejo Do Parque Estadual Intervales. 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Second edition., CAB International, Wallingford, UKKrishna, A., Guimarães, P.R., Jr., Jordano, P., Bascompte, J., A neutral-niche theory of nestedness in mutualistic networks (2008) Oikos, 117, pp. 1609-1618Levey, D.J., Seed size and fruit-handling techniques of avian frugivores (1987) American Naturalist, 129, pp. 471-485Manly, B.F.J., (1997) Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology, , Chapman and Hall/CRC, London, UK, Second editionMaruyama, P.K., Alves-Silva, E., Melo, C., Oferta qualitativa e quantitativa de frutos em espécies ornitocóricas do gênero Miconia (Melastomataceae) (2007) Revista Brasileira de Biociências, 5, pp. 672-674Mello, M.A.R., Marquitti, F.M.D., Guimarães, P.R., Kalko, E.K.V., Jordano, P., Aguiar, M.A.M., The modularity of seed dispersal: Differences in structure and robustness between bat- and bird-fruit networks (2011) Oecologia, 167, pp. 131-140Memmott, J., Waser, N.M., Price, M.V., Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions (2004) Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 271, pp. 2605-2611Metzger, J.P., Conservation issues in the brazilian atlantic forest (2009) Biological Conservation, 142, pp. 1138-1140Olesen, J.M., Bascompte, J., Dupont, Y.L., Jordano, P., The modularity of pollination networks (2007) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, pp. 19891-19896Pires, M., Guimarães, P., Jr., Araújo, M., Giaretta, A., Costa, J., Dos Reis, S., The nested assembly of individual- resource networks (2011) Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, pp. 896-903Pizo, M.A., (2002) The Seed-dispersers and Fruit Syndromes of Myrtaceae in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest., pp. 129-143. , in D. 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Vascular Flora Of The Legado Das Águas, Reserva Votorantim, Municipalities Of Tapiraí, Miracatú And Juquiá, São Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)We present a list of vascular plants found in Legado das Águas, Reserva Votorantim, a private reserve having an area of approximately 35,000 ha that spans the municipalities of Tapiraí, Miracatú, and Juquiá, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The reserve is part of a complex of state-protected areas including Alto Ribeira Touristic State Park, Intervales State Park, Carlos Botelho State Park, Jurupará State Park, and Serra do Mar State Park. Together, these form an important and large area of continuous and well-preserved forest. Our study, which involved two main floristic surveys in March/April 2013 and April 2014, recorded 768 species, representing 131 families and 432 genera. The majority of species were angiosperms (619) representing 106 families and 370 genera. There were also two species of gymnosperms belonging to two genera in separate families; 147 species of ferns and lycophytes belonging to 23 families and 60 genera. In demonstrating the presence of almost 800 species of plants, of which 16 are threatened, our study highlights the importance of floristic surveys and the critical role of private protected areas in managing and preserving native flora. © 2016 Check List and Authors.1262011/22923-8, FAPESP, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo2015/9444-4, FAPESP, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Floristic Composition And Similarity Analysis Of An Atlantic Rain Forest Fragment In Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil [composição Florística E Análise De Similaridade De Um Trecho De Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica Em Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil]

The aim of this study is to investigate the floristic composition of an Atlantic rain forest fragment located in Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil, and to contribute to the knowledge on Atlantic forest through the comparative analysis of this and other floristic surveys both on the southern and southeastern Brazil, in different soil and relief types. We surveyed 215 species in 132 genera and 51 families. Classification and ordination analysis were applied to a binary matrix in order to analyze the similarity among 24 surveys, including the present one, of Atlantic forest from the south and southeast coast of Brazil. Higher floristic similarity was observed among this area and the ones where there was marine influence and more rugged relief. The surveys in areas with greater marine influence (sandy soil) were separated from those in other conditions, possibly indicating a species replacement gradient from the steep slopes towards the lowland and were probably related to different edaphic conditions. A latitudinal gradient was found among the surveys apparently confirming a continuous species replacement along the Atlantic forest, related to a restricted distribution of the species. This suggests that it is essential to preserve areas from the whole Atlantic coast. 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Identification Key For Woody Species Of An Atlantic Rain Forest Remnant, In The Southeast Of Brazil, Based On Vegetative Characters [chave De Identificação De Espécies Lenhosas De Um Trecho De Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica, No Sudeste Do Brasil, Baseada Em Caracteres Vegetativos]

Our main objective was to elaborate an identification key for 185 woody species from an Atlantic Rain Forest fragment in Cananéia, in the South of São Paulo State (24° 54' S and 47° 56' W). The key is based on morphological characters such as phyllotaxis, leaf type and shape, stipules, indument, exsudates, and glands. Images of branches, details of the reproductive and vegetative structures of 123 species were acquired to support the species identification. Most of the species (84%) can be easily separated in the key based on vegetative characters. For the other species, reproductive characters must be also considered.102350388Alencar, J.C., Identificação botânica de árvores de Floresta Tropical Úmida da Amazônia por meio de computador (1998) Acta. Amaz, 28 (1), pp. 3-30An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II (2003) Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, pp. 399-436. , APG - THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUPBatalha, M.A., Aragaki, S., Mantovani, W., Chave de identificação das espécies vasculares de cerrado em Emas (Pirassununga, SP) baseada em caracteres vegetativos (1998) Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo, 17, pp. 85-108Braz, D.M., Moura, M.V.L.P.M., Rosa, M.M.T., Chave de identificação para as espécies de Dicotiledôneas arbóreas da Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, RJ, com base em caracteres vegetativos (2004) Acta Bot. 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Seed Inflow To A Forest Patch Promoted By Understory Frugivorous Birds [entrada De Sementes Em Um Fragmento Florestal Promovida Por Aves Frugívoras De Subosque]

We studied the contribution of understory frugivorous birds to the seed inflow into a late successional Atlantic forest patch in southeastern Brazil. Five sampling units were established in the study site, each composed of a line of six mist nets and two adjacent plots containing six seed traps. Immigrant seed species were more frequent in seed traps during the rainy season, when fruit production was higher. On the other hand, the frequency of occurrence of immigrant seed species found in fecal samples of the understory frugivores was higher during the dry season. Although understory frugivorous birds were not responsible for the temporal pattern of the seed rain, they can play an important role in bringing edge plant species that will eventually colonize forest gaps, contributing to forest patch dynamics.11495102Alvarez-Buylla, E.R., Martinez-Ramos, M., Seed bank versus seed rain in the regeneration of a tropical pioneer tree (1990) Oecologia 8, 4, pp. 314-325An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II (2003) Bot. J. Linn. 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Monogr., 53, pp. 159-181. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1942493Gomes, V.S.M., Silva, W.R., Spatial variation in understory frugivorous birds in an Atlantic Forest fragment of southeastern Brazil (2002) Ararajuba 1, 0, pp. 219-225Green, D.S., The efficacy of dispersal in relation to safe site density (1983) Oecologia 5, 6, pp. 356-358. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379712Herrera, C.M., Habitat-consumer interactions in frugivorous birds (1985) Habitat selection in birds, pp. 341-365. , In, (M.L. Cody, ed.). Academic Press, Inc., OrlandoHerrera, J.M., Garcia, D., Effects of forest fragmentation on seed dispersal and seedling establishment in ornithochorous trees (2010) Conserv. Biol., 24 (4), pp. 1089-1098. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01459.x, PMid:20184646Howe, H.F., Miriti, M.N., No question: Seed dispersal matters (2000) Tree1, 5, pp. 434-436. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01965-0Hubbell, S.P., Foster, R.B., O'brien, S.T., Harms, K.E., Condit, R., Wechsler, B., Wright, S.J., Loo de Lao, S., Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a neotropical forest (1999) Science28, 3, pp. 554-556Janzen, D.H., No park is an island: Increase in interference from outside as park size decreases (1983) Oikos4, 1, pp. 402-410. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3544100Janzen, D.H., The eternal external threat (1986) Conservation Biology. The science of scarcity and diversity, pp. 286-303. , In, (M.E. Soulé, ed.). 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Floristic Composition And Similaritie Between Areas Of Montane Atlantic Rainforest, São Paulo, Brazil [composição E Similaridade Florística Entre Duas áreas De Floresta Atlântica Montana, São Paulo, Brasil]

The study was conducted in two areas of Montana Atlantic Rainforest at Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil. The aim was to investigate structural and floristic composition of each area and the differences between them, knowing that one has not been disturbed recently and the other was subjected to selective logging until 1970, as reported by local people. We installed two 1 ha (PLOT K and PLOT N), approximately 4 km away from each other, and within this plots all individuals with DBH ≥ 4.8 cm were recorded. Considering the two plots we sampled 3,503 individuals (2,269 trees - 64.7%; 860 palms - 24.5%; and 159 ferns - 4.5%), distributed in 265 species and 51 families. The rest (215 individuals) was dead. Among the most abundant families (Arecaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Cyatheaceae) Monimiaceae is the only one classified as typical of the Montane Ombrophylus Dense Atlantic Forest. Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) is the dominant species in PLOT K (old), where we recorded 1,852 individuals, 189 species and 43 families, with Myrtaceae (48), Lauraceae (26) and Monimiaceae (13) presenting the higher number of species. It is important to mention that clumps of a native bamboo (Merostachys neesii Ruprecht, Poaceae) are present in 93 of the 100 subparcels of PLOT K, summing up 3,813 culms. In contrast, in PLOT N (secondary) where palm heart (Euterpe edulis) is also the dominant species but bamboos are not so conspicuous, we recorded 1436 individuals, 149 species and 40 families, with Myrtaceae (27), Lauraceae (15) and Fabaceae (eight) being the ones with higher number of species. In the plot of secondary forest (N) Shannon's diversity index (H' = 4.05) and the eveness index (J '= 0.8) are higher than those recorded in the old plot of forest (K) where H' = 3,72 nats.ind -1 and J' = 0.7. Plots K and N have a low similarity (Jaccard index C J = 0,3), with only 94 species (34,47%) in common, and 102 (38,5%) occurring exclusively in PLOT K. However, the maximum estimate of species expected at the point of rarefaction of PLOT N (IC 95% - 158.54) overlaps with the minimum estimate of species at the same point of PLOT K (95% - 157.12), showing that the number of species of both areas would be equivalent in the number of 1,420 individuals. Although the largest tree sampled was found in PLOT K, where forest stratification is more evident, there is no significant difference between the sums of basal area of living individuals. Considering the disturbance history of the region, the results suggest that forest structure recovery may occur within 25 years but, as shown by the total number of species and by the diversity parameters determined, species richness does not recover within this time frame.112139152Aguirre, G.H., (2008) Caracterização Da Vegetação Arbustivo-arbórea De Fragmentos De Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana, , Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CampinasAlves, L.F., Metzger, J.P., A regeneração florestal em áreas de floresta secundária na Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande, Cotia, SP (2006) Biota Neotrop, 6 (2). , http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v6n2/pt/abstract?article+bn00406022006, ultimo acesso em 27/11/2010An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II (2003) Bot. J. Linn. 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