The effect size (risk ratio) for gastrointenstinal diseases and for probiotic species.

<p>(A) The effect size including the 95% confidence intervals for the total events of Antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD), <i>Clostridium difficile</i> disease (CDD), <i>Helicobacter pylori positive</i> (HPP), Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Infectious diarrhea (ID), Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NE), Traveller's diarrhea (TD), and Pouchitis during which probiotics were taken. (B) The effect size including 95% confidence intervals for the type of probiotic species that were used to treat and prevent gastrointestinal disease. The species that were used were <i>VSL#3</i>, <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG</i> (LGG), <i>Saccromyces boulardii</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>, <i>Lactobacillus casei</i>, <i>Clostridium butyricum</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecum</i>, <i>Lactobacillus plantarium</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium lactis</i> and <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> combined with <i>Bifidobacterium infantis</i>. Risk ratios below one favor the probiotic while risk ratios above one favor the placebo.</p

Funnel plot asymmetry used to determine publication bias.

<p>Log of the risk ratios were plotted against the standard error of the risk ratio of each study to identify asymmetry in the distribution of trials. Gaps in the funnel plot suggest potential publication bias. The synthesis estimate and the 0.01 limit are shown to distinguish asymmetry.</p

Gut contents by fraction of total individuals and fraction of occurrence for 28 chum salmon fry.

<p>Shown is the taxa and life stage.</p

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram showing an overview of the study selection process.

<p>PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram showing an overview of the study selection process.</p

Stable isotope values of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and proportion of terrestrially derived carbon (TC) for consumers (invertebrates, fish).

<p>Shown are values for taxa by habitat (supralittoral, high-intertidal, mid-intertidal, low-intertidal) and common name/taxa and species name. Shown are the number of samples(n), the mean and standard deviation (SD) for δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, the proportion of TC (%) including the mean, standard error (SE), and upper (U) and lower (L) 95 percentile confidence limits of TC calculated using the mixing model (Phillips and Gregg 2001). For chum salmon fry the minimum and maximum values of δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, and TC are also shown.</p

Map of the British Columbia, the Strait of Georgia, and Howe Sound showing the two beaches (Furry Creek, North and South: FCN, FCS).

<p>Aerial image of Furry Creek showing the location of the two beaches on either side of the creek (© 2009. Google. Map Data. 2004 Tele Atlas).</p

Murphy and Romanuk_2012

Murphy and Romanuk_201

Stable isotope values of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) for primary producers.

<p>Terrestrial vegetation was collected in the supralittoral and macroalgae was collected in the intertidal. Shown are common names and species names, number of samples (n), and sample δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N.</p

The effect size (risk ratio) for the overall effects of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including the 95% confidence intervals.

<p>The diseases: Antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD), <i>Clostridium difficile</i> disease (CDD), <i>Helicobacter pylori positive</i> (HPP), Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Infectious diarrhea (ID), Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), Traveller's diarrhea (TD), and Pouchitis are labelled as well as the mean effect sizes for each disease. The author, date, measure (risk ratio (95% CI), and p value are shown. Risk ratios below one favor the probiotic while risk ratios above one favor the placebo.</p

Carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) values of prey taxa in supralittoral, beach wrack, mid-intertidal and low-intertidal zones.

<p>Lines show taxa collected in more than two zones: Acariformes (hatched line), Diptera (dotted line), and Amphipoda (solid line). Values in brackets represent the fraction of terrestrially derived carbon (TC).</p