Cost Reduction Effects of "pseudo FTAs" in Asia -Application of a price model based on a multilateral I/O table-

This paper examines the repercussion effects on the production cost of industries in Asian countries when some countries eliminate tariffs and import commodity taxes on all imports. This kind of analysis is related in some sense to that measuring the effects of FTAs on economies, and thus may be considered as an analysis of “pseudo FTAs.†Examining a number of combinations of “pseudo FTAs†between China, Japan, and ASEAN, it is found that the case of China plus Japan plus ASEAN is the most effective “pseudo FTA†of the combinations in terms of production cost reduction. The method is a form of price model based on the Asian International Input-Output Table. Almost no studies on price models related to multilateral I/O tables have been implemented thus far.Input-Output Models, Input-Output Table and analysis, Trade, Input-Output Tables, International Trade, Asia

Cost Reduction Effects of "pseudo FTAs" in Asia -Application of a price model based on a multilateral I/O table-

This paper examines the repercussion effects on the production cost of industries inAsian countries when some countries eliminate tariffs and import commodity taxeson all imports. This kind of analysis is related in some sense to that measuring theeffects of FTAs on economies, and thus may be considered as an analysis of “pseudoFTAs.” Examining a number of combinations of “pseudo FTAs” between China,Japan, and ASEAN, it is found that the case of China plus Japan plus ASEAN is themost effective “pseudo FTA” of the combinations in terms of production costreduction. The method is a form of price model based on the Asian InternationalInput-Output Table. Almost no studies on price models related to multilateral I/Otables have been implemented thus far

Self-other similarity, attachment styles, and duration of romantic relationships

Bowlby’s attachment theory states that experiences with primary caregivers and others in early childhood allow one to form internal “working models” of the self and significant others. Studies have shown that an adult’s attachment style is related to his or her attachment history from childhood and subsequent working models about various relationships. An individualistic specific evaluation of one\u27s relationship is related to his or her attachment style (secure, preoccupied, fearful, or dismissive attachment style). Attachment styles may influence both partners’ levels of trust, satisfaction, love, commitment, and other emotions that are characteristically associated with a relationship. The similarity-attraction perspective from the personal attribution theory suggests that seeing oneself as similar to a partner may be associated strongly with attractions and evaluations of relationships. The concept of “self-other similarity” refers to “the evaluation of the extent to which one’s own traits and opinions are shared by others”. In this social comparison process, people negotiate their identities and regulate cognitive distance from significant others. Overestimating the level of self-other similarity allows one to decrease cognitive distance from others and thereby may facilitate assimilation in one’s social surroundings. Underestimating self-other similarity and emphasizing one’s unique traits and opinions allow one to increase cognitive distance and may facilitate differentiation from others. People overestimate or underestimate the level of self-other similarity depending on the extent to which these biases protect or reinforce their own self-view. A person’s attachment style influences the estimation of self-other similarity. This survey found that: (1) people to feel similar to a partner if the partner had a secure attachment style, irrespective the one’s own attachment style; (2) relationships in dyads with the perception of similar attachment styles tended to be more lasting; (3) in secure-secure relationships, perceiving self and the other highly similar, including attachment style, and the security itself may play important roles in relationship endurance; and (4) in lasting insecure-insecure relationships, perceived attachment styles similarity and self-other dissimilarity seemed to have a big influence. It is clear from the findings and other inconsistent findings of this study that more research is needed in the effects of attachment styles on estimation of self-other similarity