386 research outputs found
Perioperative Pain: Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives
Background: Acute perioperative pain is seen in more than 80% of patients undergoing surgery, with almost 75% of them experiencing moderate, severe, or extreme pain; adequate postoperative pain management is not achieved in a satisfactory manner. This styudy was desined ana performed to assess the molecular mechanisms of acute pain management in order to find novel future perspectives.Materials and Methods: In this narrative review, molecular mechanisms of currently available pain controlling agents were assessed based on 3 steps: preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative phases. Drugs used in each phase and potential novel agents were assessed separately.Results: many currently available clinical agents were discussed and meanwhile, other potential drugs that could be among the future choices are discussed.Conclusion: cellular and molecular medicine could open new windows in order to discover novel agents for management of pain; we will have possibly many new agents that will be available in future while they will be different from currently used clinical pain killers
Coretractable modules relative to a submodule
Let be a ring and a right -module. Let be a proper submodule of . We say that is -coretractable (or is coretractable relative to ) provided that, for every proper submodule of containing , there is a nonzero homomorphism . We present some conditions that a module is coretractable if and only if is coretractable relative to a submodule . We also provide some examples to illustrate special cases
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