Diagnosis and management of pneumonia in the emergency department.

Pneumonia is a condition that is often treated by emergency physicians. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of pneumonia in the emergency department and highlights dilemmas in diagnostic testing, use of blood and sputum cultures, hospital admission decisions, infection control, quality measures for pneumonia care, and empiric antimicrobial therapy

Utjecaj morfološkog tipa stanica na ekspresiju bcl-2, Ki-67 i p-53 u uvealnim melanomima

Uveal melanomas are known to be less aggressive malignant tumors compared with melanoma of other localizations but the same morphological characteristics. We hypothesized that immunohistochemical determination of expression of the known proliferation markers bcl-2 and ki-67, and p-53 as a suppressor gene marker, could better explain the biological behavior of uveal melanoma vs. melanoma of other localizations. Thirty cases of primary uveal melanoma of two levels of invasion were tested retrospectively for the presence of bcl-2, Ki-67 and p-53 proteins with the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoenzyme method and three step ABC/AP method. The intensity of reaction was assessed by semiquantiative method.Usprkos morfološkoj građi sličnoj drugim melanomima, poznato je da uvealni melanomi imaju daleko bolju prognozu od melanoma drugih lokalizacija. Upravo stoga pretpostavili smo da bi određivanje ekspresije bcl-2, Ki-67 kao poznatih čimbenika proliferacije, te p-53 proteina u stanicama uvealnih melanoma moglo protumačiti ovakvo biološko ponašanje uvealnih melanoma. U tu svrhu ispitano je retrogradno 30 primarnih uvealnih melanoma stadija pT2 i pT3 na prisutnost bcl-2, Ki-67 i p-53 proteina indirektnom metodom peroksidaze-anti-peroksidaze i trofaznom metodom ABC/AP. Stupanj reaktivnosti određen je semikvantitativnom metodom

Business Employment Dynamics: Tabulations by Employer Size

The gross job gains and gross job loss statistics from the BLS Business Employment Dynamics (BED) program measure the large gross job flows that underlie the quarterly net change in employment. In the fourth quarter of 2004, employment grew by 869,000 jobs. This growth is the sum of 8.1 million gross job gains from opening and expanding establishments, and 7.2 million gross job losses from contracting and closing establishments. The new BED data have captured the attention of economists and policymakers across the country, and these data are becoming a major contributor to our understanding of employment growth and business cycles in the U.S. economy. Following the initial release of the BED data in September 2003, the BED data series expanded in May 2004 with the release of industry statistics. The BLS then began work on tabulations by size class. The production of size-class statistics is a complex task involving several economic and statistical issues. Although it is trivial to classify a business into a size class in any given quarter, it is difficult to classify a business into a size class for a longitudinal analysis of employment growth. Several different classifications exist, and many of these possible classifications have appealing theoretical and statistical properties. Furthermore, these alternative classification methodologies result in sharply different portraits of employment growth by size class. In this article, we discuss the alternative statistical methodologies that the BLS considered for creating size class tabulations from the Business Employment Dynamics data. Our primary focus is on four methodologies: quarterly base-sizing, annual base-sizing, mean-sizing, and dynamic-sizing. We discuss the evaluation criteria that BLS considered for choosing its official size class methodology.gross job gains; gross job losses; business employment dynamics; size-class statistics; dynamic-sizing

Antibiotic Prescribing Practices of Emergency Physicians and Patient Expectations for Uncomplicated Lacerations

<p>Introduction: Prophylactic antibiotics have not been found to have a benefit in the setting of uncomplicated lacerations. We evaluated the proportion of patients with uncomplicated lacerations who are prescribed prophylactic antibiotics in the emergency department (ED), factors that physicians considered when prescribing antibiotics, and factors associated with patient satisfaction.</p> <p>Methods: Adults and children presenting to 10 academic EDs with acute lacerations were enrolled. Enrolled patients were interviewed before and after their physician encounter in the ED and 2 weeks later. Physicians were interviewed in the ED after the patient encounter about factors that influenced their management decisions, including their perceptions of patients’ expectations. We included patients with uncomplicated lacerations (without contamination, infection, bone, tendon, or joint involvement) for analysis.</p> <p>Results: Of 436 patients enrolled, 260 had uncomplicated lacerations, and of these, 55 (21%) were treated with antibiotics in the ED or by prescription. Physicians were more likely to use antibiotics when the wound was more than 8 hours old, involved a puncture or amputation, and when the patient lacked medical insurance. A treatment course of 7 days or greater was given to 24 of 45 patients (53%) receiving outpatient prescriptions. Patient satisfaction was not associated with antibiotic use.</p> <p>Conclusion: Antibiotics were used for about one fifth of ED patients with uncomplicated lacerations despite a lack of evidence for efficacy. [West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(4):375–380.]</p

Responsibility for legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime in international statutory instruments and legislation of the russian federation

Legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime is an offence of international nature. In view of globalization of the world economic processes, penetration of criminal money into the legal economy of one state adversely affects the financial stability of all countries, which requires them to collaborate in combating this type of criminal activities. This article deals with the regulation of responsibility for laundering proceeds from crime on the international level and on the level of criminal legislation of Russia, including the influence of international statutory instruments on the domestic legislation of the Russian Federation

Fraud in Russia: History and present

The article deals with fraud as the corpus delicti under the current criminal legislation of Russia, as well as the stages of this type of criminal activity development during the Soviet and pre-Soviet period. The study the ways of fraud commitment such as deception and the breach of trust. The opinions of various authors on deception content and form are assessed critically. The varieties of modern fraudulent acts in Russia and in foreign countries are analyzed. They describe the most well-known cases of fraud in our own and other countries as an example. Fraud includes necessarily not only the moment of deception, but also the element of confidence. This dual essence of fraud is clearly manifested in the establishment and the activities of various financial companies. According to the RF Federal Law No 78-FL issued on March 30, 2016 the Russian Federation Criminal Code was amended by the article 1722 "Organization of activities for the raise of funds and (or) other property", which provides the criminal liability for the organization of financial pyramid activities. In order to improve the measures of fraud fighting it is proposed to create a public authority, which will be focused on fraud counteraction, including the one performed by organized groups, criminal association (criminal organization)of a transnational or an interregional type

Responsibility for counterfeiting according to the legislation of the Russian Federation

© Medwell Journals, 2015. In the study, the components of the crimes relating to money, securities and payment cards counterfeiting are analyzed. In the Russian Federation production, keeping, transfer for purposes of sale and sales of counterfeit money or securities are punishable (Art. 186 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation hereinafter CC RF) and production or sales of counterfeit credit or pay cards and other payment instruments (Art. 187 CC RF) are punishable. The disputable points of classification and criminal prosecution for commitment of crimes provided for by the Articles 186 and 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are specified. In Russia criminal responsibility for counterfeiting is incurred only in case of counterfeiting of bank notes and metal coins for the purposes of sale, i.e., to be used as an instrument of payment or other disposition at that the number of the counterfeit money and their value do not matter. At the same time, counterfeiting of pay cards with no intent of disposition but for the purpose of use as a payment instrument involves incurrence of responsibility for fraud with the use of pay cards (Art. 1593 CC RF). The international anti-counterfeiting acts are reviewed (International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency of April 20, 1929). It is found out that the local criminal law of Russia complies with the international regulations in this area

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-Diaphorase (NADPH-d) Histochemistry Detecting NOS in Healthy and Chronically Inflamed Pulp

The aim of this study was to examine the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in human dental pulps and determine whether there are changes of the activity in chronically inflamed pulp tissue. Nineteen pulps with clinical diagnosis of chronic pulpitis were collected during endodontic treatment. The healthy controls were obtained from teeth extracted for orthodontic therapy. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by histological analysis. Healthy pulps showed stratified odontoblasts in peripheral parts, while in central area there was normal connective tissue. Chronically inflamed pulps showed less expressed stratification of odontoblasts and infiltration of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, plasma cells and mastocytes. NADPH-d granular reactivity was assessed semi quantitatively under the light microscope by a single observer and scored on an intensity scale from negative reaction to very strong reaction. In healthy human pulps, NADPH-d activity was strong to very strong in odontoblastic layer. Endothelial cells and Schwann cells showed strong NADPH-d reactivity, while the other parts of central area were weakly positive. Similar distribution of reactivity was expressed also in chronically inflamed pulp; moderate to strong reaction was observed in stromal area as result of positive reaction in inflammatory cells and endothelial cells of abundant newly formed capillaries

Economic crimes related to oil production, transport and refining

In article crimes in the sphere of economic activity for which object are the public relations in the sphere of production, transportations and oil refining are analyzed. Some features of economic crime in the oil sphere are revealed, and also the offers directed on fight against economic crimes related to oil production, transport and refining become. Illegal business takes place in case of implementation of business activity in the sphere of production, transportation and oil refining without registration or without license on condition of commercialization in a large size or causing large damage. One of the distinctive features of the crimes related to oil production, transportation and refining is that these are criminally organised. The desire of excess profit forces the oil market players to combine their efforts and organise criminal groups and conspiracies. These criminal groups may include state authority. Fight against economic crimes related to oil production, transport and refining demands creation of a complex legal, including addition of the criminal legislation with special corpus delicti, which subject are the oil and oil products which aren't conforming to the established requirements, and organizational measures