16 research outputs found
Sprinkler irrigation experience in the large irrigation districts of Morocco
Au dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1970, le Maroc a introduit lâirrigation par aspersion pour accĂ©lĂ©rer le rythme de lâextension de lâirrigation, amĂ©liorer son efficience et rendre sa pratique plus facile. InstallĂ©e sur 151 700 ha, principalement en grande hydraulique, lâirrigation par aspersion nâa pas connu le succĂšs escomptĂ©. Lâobjectif du prĂ©sent article est de tirer les enseignements de la mise en Ćuvre de lâirrigation par aspersion et dâinterroger son avenir au Maroc dans un contexte de reconversion vers le goutte-Ă -goutte. Le travail a Ă©tĂ© menĂ© en croisant une analyse des professionnels quant Ă la mise en Ćuvre de lâirrigation par aspersion au Maroc depuis la fin des annĂ©es 1960, avec des observations de terrain dans le secteur C3 du pĂ©rimĂštre du Gharb, concernĂ© par un projet collectif de reconversion de l'aspersion vers le localisĂ©. Les principales difficultĂ©s rencontrĂ©es dans la mise en Ćuvre et la conduite de lâirrigation par aspersion au Maroc concernent: (i) les choix techniques lors de la conception des projets, en particulier lâutilisation collective du matĂ©riel mobile dâirrigation (MMI); (ii) le dysfonctionnement du rĂ©seau en raison des difficultĂ©s de mise en Ćuvre de l'irrigation Ă la demande; (iii) la facturation collective forfaitaire et lâendettement des agriculteurs en raison dâabsence de compteurs individuels; (iv) le coĂ»t Ă©levĂ© de lâĂ©nergie; (v) le morcellement continu des parcelles agricoles, mĂȘme aprĂšs le remembrement; et (vi) la faible valorisation de lâeau. Face Ă ces problĂšmes, les Offices ainsi que les agriculteurs ont introduit un certain nombre dâajustements, par exemple en individualisant le MMI et en renouvelant les bornes dâirrigation. Dans le secteur C3, le nouveau projet de reconversion vers le goutte-Ă -goutte a permis dâapporter dâautres solutions, en particulier en individualisant les prises individuelles et en introduisant les compteurs permettant une facturation personnalisĂ©e. Paradoxalement, bien quâexprimant leur satisfaction pour la rĂ©solution de ces problĂšmes, les agriculteurs continuent Ă utiliser lâaspersion, en particulier pour les grandes cultures, tout en expĂ©rimentant le goutte Ă goutte. LâexpĂ©rience de lâirrigation par aspersion montre ainsi lâimportance dâune pĂ©riode dâajustement pour que les utilisateurs et les techniciens puissent progressivement amĂ©liorer la conception et lâutilisation de la technique afin de rĂ©pondre au mieux aux exigences des utilisateurs et aux objectifs dâefficiences technique et agro-Ă©conomique. La mise en place du goutte-Ă -goutte dans les pĂ©rimĂštres de grande hydraulique pourra sâinspirer de cette expĂ©rience pour rĂ©ussir sa mise en place, en capitalisant sur 50 ans dâexpĂ©rience de lâirrigation par aspersion.
Mots clés: irrigation, aspersion, modernisation, goutte-à -goutte, Gharb.In the early 1970s, Morocco introduced sprinkler irrigation to speed up the pace of irrigation development, improve its efficiency, and facilitate it for farmers. Installed on 151700 ha, mainly in large-scale irrigation schemes, sprinkler irrigation has not had the expected success. The objective of this article is to learn lessons from the implementation of sprinkler irrigation and to question its future in Morocco in the context of conversion to drip irrigation. The study was carried out by analyzing debates of professionals regarding the implementation of sprinkler irrigation in Morocco since the end of the 1960s, linked with field observations on recent developments in the C3 irrigation district of the Gharb large-scale irrigation scheme. This district is in the process of being converted from sprinkler to drip irrigation. The study showed that the main difficulties encountered in the implementation and management of sprinkler irrigation in Morocco concern: (i) technical design choices, in particular, the collective use of mobile irrigation equipment (MIE); (ii) the dysfunction of the network due to implementing irrigation on demand; (iii) flat-rate collective billing and farmers' debts due to the lack of individual water meters; (iv) the high cost of energy; (v) the continuous fragmentation of agricultural farms, even after land consolidation; and (vi) low water productivity. Faced with these problems, the irrigation authority, as well as the farmers, have introduced a great number of adjustments, for example by individualizing the MIE and by renewing hydrants. In the C3 district, the new drip irrigation project has provided further solutions, in particular by individualizing the outlets and by introducing water meters allowing personalized invoicing. While expressing their satisfaction for the resolution of these problems, farmers continue to use sprinkler irrigation, especially for field crops, while experimenting drip irrigation. The experience of sprinkler irrigation thus shows the importance of an adjustment period so that users and technicians can gradually improve the design and use of the technique to meet user requirements, irrigation efficiency and agro-economic productivity. The implementation of drip irrigation in large-scale irrigation schemes can be inspired by the incremental improvement of sprinkler irrigation, by capitalizing on 50 years of experience in sprinkler irrigation.
Keywords: irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, modernization, drip irrigation, Gharb
Visions contrastées des services écosystémiques des zones humides saisonniÚres du Gharb, Maroc
ImmergĂ©s en hiver, les marais saisonniers (merjas) de la plaine du Gharb au Maroc Ă©taient traditionnellement exploitĂ©s pour le pĂąturage en Ă©tĂ©, Ă cĂŽtĂ© dâautres usages productifs. Pourtant, ils Ă©taient considĂ©rĂ©s par lâadministration coloniale comme des milieux insalubres et peu valorisĂ©s, malgrĂ© leur abondance en ressources naturelles. Au cours du XXeâsiĂšcle, la plaine a fait lâobjet dâun amĂ©nagement hydro-agricole, incorporant les merjas, pour contribuer aux objectifs nationaux de sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et dâexportation de produits agricoles. Cet article interroge le regard portĂ© par les acteurs locaux et institutionnels sur les merjas et les bĂ©nĂ©fices quâelles procurent, Ă travers une analyse des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Si les institutions les considĂšrent comme des terres vierges Ă amĂ©nager et des zones tampon de rĂ©gulation des crues pour protĂ©ger les secteurs amĂ©nagĂ©s et les villes, les collectivitĂ©s riveraines les considĂšrent comme des espaces productifs, dĂ©favorisĂ©s par les crues. LâĂ©tude montre des visions contrastĂ©es des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques, oĂč chaque acteur a une vision utilitariste des merjas. MalgrĂ© le dĂ©bat international sur la biodiversitĂ© et le stockage de carbone dans les zones humides, les dimensions Ă©cologiques sont peu citĂ©es. Lâapproche par les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques dĂ©voile les antagonismes entre acteurs, mais peut ĂȘtre un moyen de nĂ©gociation sur le devenir des merjas dans une vision territoriale
Pomper ou disparaßtre : le dilemme du renforcement des khettaras par le pompage solaire dans les oasis du Maroc
Les agriculteurs utilisant les eaux des khettaras, galeries souterraines drainant la nappe phrĂ©atique et donnant un accĂšs collectif Ă lâeau souterraine dans les oasis, font aujourdâhui face Ă un dilemme. Les khettaras se tarissent sous lâeffet conjuguĂ© du pompage pour lâeau potable et de lâirrigation des exploitations agricoles des nouvelles extensions, et dâune recharge dĂ©croissante de la nappe. Leurs khettaras menacĂ©es de disparition, certains collectifs ont choisi dâinstaller des puits ou des forages alimentĂ©s par lâĂ©nergie solaire. Cela permet de renforcer le dĂ©bit des khettaras et ainsi de maintenir lâaccĂšs collectif Ă lâeau souterraine, mais ces installations contribuent aussi Ă sa surexploitation. Dans cet article, nous mettons en discussion ce choix cornĂ©lien des communautĂ©s oasiennes dans le sud du Maroc. Des observations de terrain, lâanalyse des images satellites, et des enquĂȘtes avec les agriculteurs ont permis de comprendre le contexte dâĂ©mergence dâun dispositif associant la khettara au pompage par Ă©nergie solaire, dâanalyser sa conception technique et de mettre en Ă©vidence la capacitĂ© des oasiens Ă intervenir sur les rĂšgles de gestion pour superposer ce dispositif technique et institutionnel nouveau au systĂšme traditionnel des khettaras. Cet article contribue Ă une rĂ©flexion sur la durabilitĂ© de lâaccĂšs Ă lâeau souterraine dans ce contexte prĂ©saharien
Maitrise des excÚs d'eau hivernaux et de l'irrigation et leurs conséquences sur la productivité de la betterave sucriÚre dans le périmÚtre irrigue du Gharb (Maroc). Analyse expérimentale et modélisation.
The Gharb plain (Morocco) suffers from water excess during winter and from water deficit during summer. This state of fact explains the low profitability resulting from the irrigation investment efforts realized by government. The originality of this work results from the combination of two objectives devoted to the furrow system. The first consists on the evacuation of the surface water excess during winter, and the second on the water supply to crops from the beginning of spring.Two objectives are assigned to this work: (i) evaluation of hydraulic and agronomic performances of surface drainage and (ii) evaluation of the impact of water excess on sugar beet. The work is based on: (i) experimental and (ii) modelling approaches. For that, comparisons have been carried out between three plots: (i) a levelled plot furrow irrigated with a slope S0= 0.2%, (ii) unlevelled plot irrigated by sprinklers and (iii) a levelled plot in the same direction as the furrow irrigated plot but without furrows and irrigated by sprinklers.The experimental study has clearly demonstrated the capability of the furrow system to evacuate efficiently the water excess during winter compared with the unlevelled plot system. On the latter, local pondings strongly affect the sugar beet production. At the opposite, the furrow system provides the highest sugar beet yield, closely followed by the levelled sprinkler system.A runoff model was specifically developed for predicting volume and peak discharge runoff at the outlet of a furrow system subject to an unsteady and intermittent rain event. Using a 1 year return period rainfall event as input, the simulation results show that most part of the plot ditches are not correctly designed. The agronomic performance of the furrow system was evaluated using SOFIP, a model simulating the impact of furrows irrigation practices on the water productivity. For the unlevelled irrigated plot, the crop model PILOTE has been adapted to simulate ponding conditions and their impact on the sugar beat production. Simulation yields carried out on a series of eleven years clearly showed the advantage of the modernised furrows system on the unlevelled one sprinkler irrigated what ever the sowing dates. In the Gharb context, one can say that agricultural development should be reasoned taking into account water excess during winter harmful to crops.La plaine du Gharb au Maroc, souffre d'excĂšs d'eau pendant l'hiver et du dĂ©ficit hydrique en Ă©tĂ©. Cet Ă©tat de fait explique la faible rentabilitĂ© des investissements hydro agricoles rĂ©alisĂ©s Ă ce jour par le gouvernement. L'originalitĂ© de ce travail rĂ©side dans le fait de relier l'Ă©vacuation des eaux de surface excĂ©dentaires au cours de l'hiver, et la satisfaction des besoins en eau de la culture dĂšs le printemps oĂč elle commence Ă connaĂźtre un dĂ©ficit hydrique.Deux objectifs sont assignĂ©s Ă ce travail : (i) l'Ă©valuation des performances hydrauliques et agronomiques du drainage de surface et (ii) l'Ă©valuation de l'impact de l'excĂšs d'eau sur la culture de la betterave Ă sucre. Il repose sur (i) une approche expĂ©rimentale et (ii) une modĂ©lisation des processus en question. Pour ce faire, des comparaisons ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es entre trois parcelles : (i) une parcelle nivelĂ©e selon une pente S0 de 0.2 % et irriguĂ©e Ă la raie, (ii) une parcelle non nivelĂ©e irriguĂ©e par aspersion et (iii) une parcelle nivelĂ©e selon une pente S0 de 0.2% dans la mĂȘme sens que la premiĂšre parcelle mais dĂ©pourvue de raies et irriguĂ©e par aspersion.L'Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale a clairement dĂ©montrĂ© la capacitĂ© d'une parcelle avec raies Ă Ă©vacuer efficacement les excĂšs d'eau pendant l'hiver comparativement Ă une parcelle non nivelĂ©e. Sur cette derniĂšre, les submersions locales affectent fortement la production de la betterave Ă sucre. Le systĂšme de raies fournit les meilleurs rendements suivis de prĂšs par le systĂšme nivelĂ© irriguĂ© par l'aspersion.Un modĂšle de ruissellement a Ă©tĂ© spĂ©cifiquement dĂ©veloppĂ© pour la prĂ©diction du volume ruisselĂ© et du dĂ©bit maximal de ruissellement Ă l'exutoire d'une parcelle avec raies soumise Ă des Ă©vĂ©nements pluvieux intermittents et d'intensitĂ©s variables. Ce modĂšle utilisant entre autre pour entrĂ©e le hyetogramme de pluie d'une pĂ©riode de retour 1 an met en Ă©vidence le sous dimensionnement des fossĂ©s destinĂ©s Ă recueillir les eaux Ă l'aval des parcelles chez les agriculteurs. Les performances agronomiques de la raie ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es Ă l'aide du modĂšle SOFIP qui simule l'impact de l'irrigation Ă la raie sur la productivitĂ© de l'eau. Pour la parcelle non nivelĂ©e, le modĂšle PILOTE a Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ© pour simuler l'impact de la submersion sur la productivitĂ© de la betterave Ă sucre. Les simulations du rendement effectuĂ©es sur une sĂ©rie de onze annĂ©es montrent clairement l'avantage du systĂšme gravitaire modernisĂ© par rapport au systĂšme aspersif non nivelĂ© et ce, pour diffĂ©rentes dates de semis. On peut pour conclure affirmer que le dĂ©veloppement agricole dans la plaine du Gharb doit ĂȘtre raisonnĂ© en tenant compte des excĂšs d'eau hivernaux prĂ©judiciables aux cultures
L'expérience de l'irrigation par aspersion dans les secteurs collectifs de la Grande Hydraulique du Maroc
International audienc
Challenging âone size fits allâ: Continued use of sprinkler irrigation in a stateâled drip irrigation project in Morocco
International audienceThe current focus on water saving in drip irrigation projects has stifled more classical engineering debates on the relevance of different irrigation techniques for specific field conditions. We show that these debates remain important by analysing a drip irrigation project implemented in a sprinkler irrigation district in north-west Morocco. The objective is to understand the apparent paradox of a state-promoted switch to drip irrigation, provided free of charge to farmers who welcomed the project but continued using sprinkler irrigation. Data were gathered during field observations and in interviews with 138 farmers, while secondary data came from the irrigation authority. The results show that most farmers were interested in the drip irrigation project, which solved existing problems of the sprinkler network, including the difficulty of sharing hydrants, high water bills and sharing mobile sprinkler equipment. However, once the project had provided individual water access and customized water bills, 48% of farmers switched totally or partially back to sprinkler irrigation, which they considered better suited to field conditions (soils, crops, irrigation frequency). The implementation of drip irrigation in large-scale irrigation schemes needs to go beyond the objective of water saving and be adapted to specific natural and socio-economic conditions
L'expérience de l'irrigation par aspersion dans les secteurs collectifs de la Grande Hydraulique du Maroc
International audienc
Optimization of Irrigation Scheduling for Improved Irrigation Water Management in Bilate Watershed, Rift Valley, Ethiopia
The availability of water for agricultural production is under threat from climate change and rising demands from various sectors. In this paper, a simulation-optimization model for optimizing the irrigation schedule in the Bilate watershed was developed, to save irrigation water and maximize the yield of deficit irrigation. The model integrated the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and an irrigation-scheduling optimization model. The SWAT model was used to simulate crop yield and evapotranspiration. The Jensen crop-water-production function was applied to solve potato and wheat irrigation-scheduling-optimization problems. Results showed that the model can be applied to manage the complicated simulation-optimization irrigation-scheduling problems for potato and wheat. The optimization result indicated that optimizing irrigation-scheduling based on moisture-stress-sensitivity levels can save up to 25.6% of irrigation water in the study area, with insignificant yield-reduction. Furthermore, optimizing deficit-irrigation-scheduling based on moisture-stress-sensitivity levels can maximize the yield of potato and wheat by up to 25% and 34%, respectively. The model developed in this study can provide technical support for effective irrigation-scheduling to save irrigation water and maximize yield production
Sense-making and shaping of temporary wetlands: A socio-hydrological analysis of dichotomous ontologies of merjas in Morocco
International audienceThere are quite different ways of making sense of wetlands: as wastelands to be drained and reclaimed, as hotspots of biodiversity to be preserved or restored, or as hydrosocial territories in which people live and produce. We argue that such ontologies not only represent 'a reality out there' but help bring this reality into being by shaping the way wetlands are developed and used. The present study was conducted on temporary wetlands (merjas) in the Gharb plain (Morocco). Using a socio-hydrological approach, this research probes the origin of these ontologies and how they shape field realities. Qualitative data were collected during field surveys and focus groups and hydrological data were obtained by remote sensing. There are two main ways of seeing merjas that have led to two different enactments-a 'State' one, that has drained and developed the land and redistributed it to farmers of its choice; and a 'local' one, that of riverine people who have learned to live with land-water dynamics, who now also claim part of this reclaimed land for their own children. The view of temporary wetlands as ecological systems has been restricted to three particular merjas, thereby obliterating the ecological role of others. Since the 2009/2010 floods, the idea of merjas as buffer zones to protect agricultural and urban areas has been under discussion. Although the idea is rejected by most actors, in practice, merjas will continue to play this role during major floods in the future, as upstream dams are generally managed with the aim of resilience to drought. We show how each ontology is connected to different networks of people, resulting in different enactments that sometimes co-exist and sometimes clash. Creating space for negotiation for the future of merjas remains challenging, given the changing water flows and the persistent coexistence of ontologies, as the people connected to it aim to enact their own version of the merja
Visions contrastées des services écosystémiques des zones humides saisonniÚres du Gharb, Maroc
International audienceContrasting views of ecosystem services in seasonal wetlands of Gharb, Morocco.Submerged in winter, the seasonal wetlands (merjas) of the Gharb plain in Morocco were traditionally usedfor grazing in summer, alongside other productive uses. Yet, merjas were considered by the colonialadministration as unhealthy and unproductive environments, despite their abundance in natural resources.During the 20th century, the plain, including the merjas, was drained and irrigated to contribute to thenational objectives of food security and export of agricultural products. This article examines how local andinstitutional stakeholders view the merjas and the benefits they provide, through an analysis of ecosystemservices. While State institutions consider them as virgin lands to be developed and as potential flood controlbuffer zones to protect irrigated areas and cities, riverside communities consider them as productive lands,disadvantaged by occasional floods. The study shows contrasting views of ecosystem services, where eachstakeholder has a utilitarian vision of merjas. Despite the international debate on biodiversity and carbonstorage in wetlands, the ecological dimensions are rarely mentioned. The ecosystem services approachreveals the antagonisms between stakeholders, but can be a means of negotiating the future of merjas in aterritorial vision.ImmergĂ©s en hiver, les marais saisonniers (merjas) de la plaine du Gharb au Maroc Ă©taient traditionnellement exploitĂ©s pour le pĂąturage en Ă©tĂ©, Ă cĂŽtĂ© d'autres usages productifs. Pourtant, ils Ă©taient considĂ©rĂ©s par l'administration coloniale comme des milieux insalubres et peu valorisĂ©s, malgrĂ© leur abondance en ressources naturelles. Au cours du XX e siĂšcle, la plaine a fait l'objet d'un amĂ©nagement hydro-agricole, incorporant les merjas, pour contribuer aux objectifs nationaux de sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et d'exportation de produits agricoles. Cet article interroge le regard portĂ© par les acteurs locaux et institutionnels sur les merjas et les bĂ©nĂ©fices qu'elles procurent, Ă travers une analyse des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Si les institutions les considĂšrent comme des terres vierges Ă amĂ©nager et des zones tampon de rĂ©gulation des crues pour protĂ©ger les secteurs amĂ©nagĂ©s et les villes, les collectivitĂ©s riveraines les considĂšrent comme des espaces productifs, dĂ©favorisĂ©s par les crues. L'Ă©tude montre des visions contrastĂ©es des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques, oĂč chaque acteur a une vision utilitariste des merjas. MalgrĂ© le dĂ©bat international sur la biodiversitĂ© et le stockage de carbone dans les zones humides, les dimensions Ă©cologiques sont peu citĂ©es. L'approche par les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques dĂ©voile les antagonismes entre acteurs, mais peut ĂȘtre un moyen de nĂ©gociation sur le devenir des merjas dans une vision territoriale. Mots clĂ©s : zones humides temporaires / services Ă©cosystĂ©miques / collectivitĂ© riveraine / acteurs institutionnels / Maro