17 research outputs found

    Performances hydrauliques et agronomiques des systèmes d'irrigation gravitaires sur l'élimination de l'excès d'eau hivernal dans la plaine du Gharb au Maroc

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    International audienceLa plaine du Gharb présente une double problématique, celle des excès d'eau en hiver qui mettent en péril les levées et les premières phases des cycles culturaux et, à partir du printemps, celle du déficit en eau qui nécessite le recours à l'irrigation pour garantir un niveau de rendement acceptable. La valorisation de l'eau d'irrigation est en conséquence étroitement dépendante des conditions de drainage hivernales, déterminantes vis-à-vis des potentialités des cultures d'hiver. Toute action à entreprendre pour améliorer l'usage et l'efficience de l'eau ne doit pas perdre de vue ces deux aspects complémentaires. Le travail conduit dans le cadre de la présente recherche vise à démontrer que les systèmes d'irrigation gravitaire à la raie longue présentent non seulement un intérêt en période estivale mais également vis-à-vis du drainage de surface en période hivernale. L'un des enjeux majeur de ce travail est d'évaluer le gain que génère le système gravitaire modernisé (raie longue). A cet effet, des travaux d'expérimentation sont conduits depuis 2003-2004 à la station de Souk Tl et sur la betterave à sucre qui reste l'une des principales cultures pratiquées au Gharb mais dont les potentialités de production sont affectées par les excès d'eau hivernaux. Le travail de recherche a trait à l'évaluation des performances des systèmes d'irrigation gravitaire (raie longue, et " robta ") et des systèmes en aspersion en conditions nivelées et non nivelées. Cette évaluation se basera sur la prise en compte conjointe des contraintes d'excès d'eau hivernaux et de déficit estival de la betterave à sucre. Une bonne - et nécessaire - intégration de ces processus et le transfert des résultats auprès des agriculteurs constitue un enjeu majeur pour la durabilité environnementale et économique du périmètre irrigué du Gharb. C'est dans ce sens que des essais ont été conduits chez des agriculteurs pour la même culture, après correction du nivellement et ce, pour les deux systèmes d'irrigation. Les premiers résultats de ce travail de recherche montrent que le système d'irrigation gravitaire à la raie longue permet d'irriguer et d'évacuer efficacement les excès d'eau hivernaux. Des valeurs de rendements proches des potentialités attestant de cette efficacité ont été obtenues. Des très bons niveaux de rendement ont été également obtenus pour le système en aspersion nivelé. Il est sans conteste montré que l'absence de nivellement, frein à l'évacuation des excès d'eau par ruissellement et générateur de stagnations locales, est responsable de pertes de rendement importantes

    First report of a phytoplasma affecting cassava orchards in Cote d'Ivoire

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    Annex 46 of 48 for CIFSRF-IDRC/GAC Final technical report: http://hdl.handle.net/10625/56415This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and with financial support from the Government of Canada, provided through Global Affairs Canada (GAC)This is the first report of a phytoplasma affecting cassava in Côte d'Ivoire. The findings suggest that cassava may be a potential alternative host for the Côte d'Ivoire lethal yellowing (CILY) phytoplasma, which poses a serious threat for the food security of smallholder coconut and cassava farmers, especially women, in Grand-Lahou, Côte d’Ivoire. Leaf samples were collected at random from 12 symptom-bearing and two symptomless cassava plants from two villages. Illustrations/ figures depict the symptoms of yellowing. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the staple foods in Africa, cultivated in 40 countries and producing more than three million tonnes per year

    Using a furrow system for surface drainage under unsteady rain

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    Water excess during winter limits crop development on heavy clay soil conditions of the Gharb valley (Morocco). The furrow system to eliminate these negative effects is the adopted solution. This article focuses on the development of a water transfer model through a furrow system during unsteady rainfall event to evaluate the runoff volume resulting from a reference rainy event. This model contains a production function associated to a transfer function. The production function is based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation. The latter has been adapted to account for unsteady rain conditions and rainfall intermittence. The transfer function is based on the kinematic wave model, the explicit solution of which is coupled with the water excess generated by the production function. Simulated runoff in the furrows is collected by a drainage ditch evacuating the flow outside a plot of 1.3 ha. The similarity between parameters of a furrow irrigation model and those of the production function is advantageously used for model calibration. The proposed modelling approach shows capabilities to predict water amount and peak discharges evacuated from a plot of around I ha by a furrow system under unsteady rainfall events. As an application, it is used to evaluate the ability of the surface drainage system to evacuate the excessive volumes of water under typical rainfalls

    Using a furrow system for surface drainage under unsteady rain

    No full text
    Water excess during winter limits crop development on heavy clay soil conditions of the Gharb valley (Morocco). The furrow system to eliminate these negative effects is the adopted solution. This article focuses on the development of a water transfer model through a furrow system during unsteady rainfall event to evaluate the runoff volume resulting from a reference rainy event. This model contains a production function associated to a transfer function. The production function is based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation. The latter has been adapted to account for unsteady rain conditions and rainfall intermittence. The transfer function is based on the kinematic wave model, the explicit solution of which is coupled with the water excess generated by the production function. Simulated runoff in the furrows is collected by a drainage ditch evacuating the flow outside a plot of 1.3ha. The similarity between parameters of a furrow irrigation model and those of the production function is advantageously used for model calibration. The proposed modelling approach shows capabilities to predict water amount and peak discharges evacuated from a plot of around 1ha by a furrow system under unsteady rainfall events. As an application, it is used to evaluate the ability of the surface drainage system to evacuate the excessive volumes of water under typical rainfalls.Runoff Furrow system Unsteady rainfall Overland flow Kinematic wave model

    Influence of the nature of cation on water splitting at the interface of a cation exchange membrane during electrodialysis

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    The phenomenon of water splitting occuring at the interface of a Selemion CMV cation exchange membrane in contact with solutions containing successively monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations was investigated. Under identical hydrodynamic conditions, this investigation is based on recording j-V curves, measurement of transport numbers and pH variations. Water splitting is not a direct consequence of concentration polarization phenomenon. The cation nature and especially its acidic character is an important parameter which explains the difference in the behavior of the Selemion CMV membrane in contact with solutions of different cations

    La maîtrise de l'irrigation et du drainage pour une gestion durable des périmètres irrigués méditerranéens

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    [Departement_IRSTEA]EEE [TR1_IRSTEA]22 - IRRISAGE / SALINNational audienceThe Mediterranean countries are experiencing an increase in tensions concerning water resources and, at the same time, they must face problems related to the degradation of their areas. These limitations make it necessary to increase the efficiency of water-use and to create methods and references for the long-term management of water and irrigated zones. In order to test and promote these methods, a Franco-Moroccan cooperation programme has been established in the Gharb zone of Morocco, in association with several French and Moroccan institutions. The seminar on the control of irrigation and drainage for the long-term management of Mediterranean irrigated zones was organized to present the main results obtained within the framework of the cooperation between Cemagref, the National Office for Agriculture in the Gharb Region (ORMVAG) and the Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute. The seminar also provided the opportunity for sixty Moroccan participants and ten representatives from international organisations to share their experiences.Les pays méditerranéens connaissent des tensions croissantes sur les ressources en eau ; ils ont dans le même temps à faire face à des problèmes de dégradation de leurs périmètres. Ces contraintes rendent nécessaires l'augmentation de l'efficience de l'eau et la mise en place de méthodes et de références pour une gestion durable de l'eau et des périmètres irrigués. Afin de tester et de promouvoir ces méthodes, un programme de coopération franco-marocain a été mis en place dans le périmètre du Gharb au Maroc, en partenariat avec plusieurs institutions marocaines et françaises. Le séminaire sur la maîtrise de l'irrigation et du drainage pour une gestion durable des périmètres irrigués méditerranéens a été organisé pour restituer les principaux résultats obtenus dans le cadre de la coopération entre le Cemagref, l'Office de mise en valeur agricole du Gharb et l'institut agronomique et vétérinaire Hassan II. Le séminaire a également permis de partager l'expérience d'une trentaine d'experts du Bassin Méditerranéen, d'une soixantaine de participants marocains et d'une dizaine de représentants d'organismes internationaux

    The blind angle: performance assessment of drip irrigation in use in a large-scale irrigation scheme in Morocco

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    International audienceThe need for lasting returns on the large investment in state-sponsored drip irrigation projects and the ambitious objectives aimed to achieve requires thorough and continuous assessment of the performance of irrigation systems in use. However, few studies have evaluated the performance of systems once they have been installed, leading to overestimation of actual drip irrigation performance. This study focuses on the Tadla Irrigation Scheme, where a 10 000-ha drip irrigation project had two objectives: improving water productivity and reducing pressure on groundwater resources. The results of the study show a satisfactory but progressively declining distribution uniformity at field level, after 3'4 years of functioning, pointing to potential dysfunction if the equipment is not renewed. The current over-irrigation of crops results in hefty water bills and debts of farmers, no water savings at the field scale, some savings at the scheme scale, but increased tension concerning water delivery. Farmers continued to use groundwater after converting to drip irrigation to avoid surface water shortage. The challenge is to ensure that groundwater is only tapped in exceptional cases to avoid overexploitation. The first step is ensuring more efficient irrigation practices, underlining the need for continuous performance assessment
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