Ulama Perempuan Dan Dedikasinya Dalam Pendidikan Islam (Telaah Pemikiran Rahmah El-yunusiyah)

Bahasa Indonesia:Istilah ulama biasanya identik dengan laki-laki, namun disini Rahmah El-Yunusiyah bisa disebut dengan ulama karena banyak hal yang melekat pada dirinya bisa merepresentasikan sebagai seorang alim yang mempunyai kapasitas keilmuan yang mumpuni tentang agama, sikap progresifnya untuk memperjuangkan kaumnya hingga pengakuan dari masyarakat luas baik di Indonesia hingga dunia Internasional terhadap kiprahnya dalam pembaharuan pendidikan bagi perempuan. Tulisan ini menelaah pemikiran Rahmah El-Yunusiyah tentang pendidikan perempuan dijamannya melalui penelusuran buku-buku teks sejarah dan berbagai literatur. Penulis berusaha menyajikan gambaran sejarah perjuangan pendidikan bagi perempuan yang telah dilakukan Rahmah El-Yunusiyah sebagai fakta sejarah tentang peran penting perempuan dalam bersosial masyarakat sehingga perlu untuk terus diperjuangkan hingga saat ini. Sebagaimana yang telah dilakukan Rahmah El-Yunusiyah sebagai pembaharu pendidikan bagi perempuan dengan mendirikan sekolah khusus perempuan dari jenjang sekolah dasar hingga perguruan tinggi. Kontribusinya dalam memperjuangkan pendidikan perempuan sangat besar, terlihat sekarang perempuan Indonesia telah dapat secara mudah untuk dapat mengakses pendidikan. Betapa perempuan sebagai tiang negara memiliki andil besar dalam menentukan masa depan bangsa. English:The term ulama is usually identical to men. However, Rahmah El-Yunusiyah is also called as an ulama because several factors attached to her such as representation as an alim with religious knowledge capacity, progressive attitudes for her community development, and the recognition of wider community both in Indonesia and in International regarding her work in woman education reform. This paper examines Rahmah El-Yunusiyah\u27s consideration about female education in the past through historical texts and related literatures. The author attempt to present a historical overview of El-Yunusiyah\u27s struggle for women\u27s education as the historical facts about the important role of women in society. El-Yunusiyah was as a reformer of woman education who set up woman school of the primary level up to the university level. Her great contribution in education is now visible that Indonesian women have easy access to education. This effort shows that women as a pillar of the state has a big responsibility to determine the future of the nation

Constructing a Macromolecular K_3,3 Graph through Electrostatic Self-Assembly and Covalent Fixation with a Dendritic Polymer Precursor

A triply <i>fused</i> tetracyclic macromolecular K_3,3 graph has been constructed through electrostatic self-assembly of a uniformly sized dendritic polymer precursor having six cyclic ammonium salt end groups carrying two units of a trifunctional carboxylate counteranions, and subsequent covalent conversion by the ring-opening reaction of cyclic ammonium salt groups at an elevated temperature under dilution. The K_3,3 graph product was isolated from the two constitutional isomers by means of a recycling SEC technique, as the hydrodynamic volume of the triply <i>fused</i> tetracyclic K_3,3 product is remarkably contracted in comparison with another isomer having a ladder form in solution

Construction of Hybrid-Multicyclic Polymer Topologies Composed of Dicyclic Structure Units by Means of An ESA-CF/Click-Linking Protocol

A series of tri- and tetracyclic polymer topologies, composed of an elementary dicyclic unit of either <i>theta</i>-, <i>eight</i>- or <i>manacle-</i>forms, have been constructed by means of an ESA-CF (<i>electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation</i>) protocol in conjunction with an alkyne–azide <i>click</i> linking technique. Thus, a <i>theta</i>-shaped poly­(THF) precursor having an alkyne group at the junction position (<b>Ic</b>) has newly been prepared by an ESA-CF process using an assembly (<b>1b/2d</b>), composed of a star poly­(THF) having <i>N</i>-phenylpyrrolidinium salt groups carrying a counteranion of a trifunctional carboxylate having an alkyne group. In addition, monocyclic polymer precursors having an azide group (<b>IIa</b>) as well as linear-cyclic (tadpole) (<b>IIb</b>) and linear-dicyclic (twin-head tadpole) (<b>IIc</b>) polymer precursors, both having an azide group at the tail-end position, have been prepared through the tandem <i>click</i> reaction of the respective monocyclic and dicyclic (<i>eight</i>-form) precursors having an alkyne group (<b>Ia</b> and <b>Ib</b>, respectively) with a linear asymmetric telechelic poly­(THF) having an azide and an hydroxyl groups (<b>1d</b>), followed by the esterification with 4-azidobenzoic acid. A variety of hybrid-tricyclic polymer topologies (<b>IIIa</b>, <b>IIIb</b>, and <b>IIIc</b>) composed of a dicyclic (<i>theta</i>- or <i>eight</i>-shaped) and a monocyclic (simple ring or tadpole-shaped) units, and moreover, an unprecedented hybrid-tetracyclic topology composed of all three elementary dicyclic units of <i>theta</i>-, <i>eight</i>- and <i>manacle</i>-forms (<b>IVb</b>), in addition to a double-<i>theta</i> topology (<b>IVa</b>) have been constructed through the effective <i>click</i>-linking of complementarily reactive <i>kyklo</i>-telechelic precursors

Synthesis of Orientationally Isomeric Cyclic Stereoblock Polylactides with Head-to-Head and Head-to-Tail Linkages of the Enantiomeric Segments

A pair of orientationally isomeric cyclic stereoblock polylactides (PLAs) possessing head-to-head (HH) and head-to-tail (HT) linkages between the poly­(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly­(d-lactide) (PDLA) segments was synthesized through click chemistry and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of three asymmetrically functionalized telechelic precursors. Thus, α-ethenyl-ω-azido-PLLA (<b>2a</b>) was reacted with α-ethenyl-ω-ethynyl-PDLA (<b>2b</b>) and α-ethynyl-ω-ethenyl-PDLA (<b>2c</b>) via click chemistry to form ethenyl telechelic stereoblock PLAs with HH and HT orientations (<b>3a</b> and <b>3b</b>), respectively. The subsequent RCM produced cyclic stereoblock PLAs with the corresponding linking manners (<b>4a</b> and <b>4b</b>). The effect of the topology on the melting temperature of the series of isomeric linear and cyclic PLAs having the contrastive linking orientations was systematically investigated

Systematic Synthesis of Block Copolymers Consisting of Topological Amphiphilic Segment Pairs from <i>kyklo</i>- and <i>kentro</i>-Telechelic PEO and Poly(THF)

A set of four types of block copolymers consisting of topological amphiphilic segment pairs was effectively synthesized via <i>kyklo</i>- (functionalized cyclic) and <i>kentro</i>- (center-functionalized linear) telechelic poly­(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly­(tetrahydrofuran) (poly­(THF)). Accordingly, <i>kyklo</i>- and <i>kentro</i>-telechelic PEO with an ethynyl group was newly prepared from relevant linear PEO precursors with quinuclidinium end groups and an ethynyl-functionalized dicarboxylate counteranion by the electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process. Similarly, <i>kyklo</i>- and <i>kentro</i>-telechelic poly­(THF) with an azido group was obtained. The PEO and poly­(THF) telechelics were subjected to click chemistry to systematically produce amphiphilic block copolymers with two symmetric topological forms, that is, an “8” shape (<b>I</b>_<b>C</b><b>·II</b>_<b>C</b>) and a four-armed star shape (<b>I</b>_<b>L</b><b>·II</b>_<b>L</b>), and two asymmetric topological forms, that is, twin-tailed tadpole shapes (<b>I</b>_<b>L</b><b>·II</b>_<b>C</b> and <b>I</b>_<b>C</b><b>·II</b>_<b>L</b>) with respect to the hydrophilic–hydrophobic plane

Concise <i>Click</i>/ESA-CF Synthesis of Periodically-Positioned Trifunctional <i>kyklo</i>-Telechelic Poly(THF)s

A concise two-step <i>click</i>/ESA-CF process has been developed to prepare a <i>kyklo</i>-telechelic poly­(tetrahydrofuran), poly­(THF), having three functional groups at the constant intervals. Thus, a key linear precursor (<b>I</b>), having <i>N</i>-phenylpyrrolidinium salt groups at the chain ends and having two hydroxyl groups at the prescribed inner positions, has been prepared through the alkyne–azide addition (<i>click</i>) reaction using one unit of a linear telechelic poly­(THF) having a pair of an alkyne and a hydroxyl groups (<b>1</b>) and two units of a linear asymmetric telechelic poly­(THF) having an azide and an <i>N</i>-phenylpyrrolidinium salt group (<b>2</b>). The subsequent polymer cyclization by means of an <i>electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation</i> (ESA-CF) process, by employing a dicarboxylate counteranion having an additional alkyne group (<b>3</b>) to <b>I</b>, could produce a trifunctional <i>kyklo</i>-telechelic poly­(THF) (<b>II</b>), having two hydroxyl and one alkyne groups positioned at the constant intervals along the ring polymer backbone. The subsequent esterification of the hydroxyl groups in <b>II</b> was performed to give a <i>kyklo</i>-telechelic poly­(THF) having three alkyne groups at the constant intervals (<b>III</b>), and a further <i>click</i> reaction of <b>III</b> with <b>2</b> was conducted to produce a ring polymer product having three emanating graft segments at the constant intervals along the ring unit (<b>IV</b>), i.e., a three-tail tadpole topology

Light- and Heat-Triggered Reversible Linear–Cyclic Topological Conversion of Telechelic Polymers with Anthryl End Groups

This study demonstrates the comprehensive investigation on the reversible linear–cyclic topological conversion of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers with various molecular weights. The reactions were triggered by light or heat, which reversibly dimerize and cleave the anthryl or coumarinyl end groups of the telechelics. Poly­(ethylene oxide) telechelics with anthryl end groups attached through electron-donating (<b>Ant–O–PEO</b> and <b>Ant–CH</b>_<b>2</b><b>–PEO</b>) and electron-withdrawing (<b>Ant–CO</b>_<b>2</b><b>–PEO</b>) linking groups were synthesized. While <b>Ant–O–PEO</b> and <b>Ant–CH</b>_<b>2</b><b>–PEO</b> decomposed upon photoirradiation at 365 nm, <b>Ant–CO</b>_<b>2</b><b>–PEO</b> efficiently cyclized through the photodimerization of the anthryl end groups both in water and in organic solvents shown by NMR, SEC, and MALDI-TOF MS. The lower the molecular weight, the faster the cyclization proceeded. When cyclized <b>Ant–CO</b>_<b>2</b><b>–PEO</b> was heated at 150 °C in bulk, the polymers quantitatively converted back into the original linear topology. Furthermore, repeatable linear–cyclic topological conversion was confirmed. The reversible topological conversion of hydrophobic poly­(tetrahydrofuran) telechelics with anthryl end groups (<b>Ant–PTHF</b>) was also successful. In addition, poly­(ethylene oxide) telechelics with coumarinyl end groups (<b>Cou–PEO</b>) were also cyclized by irradiation at 365 nm in water. However, the cyclization hardly occurred when performed in methanol likely due to the lack of sufficient hydrophobic interaction of the coumarinyl end groups. Cyclized <b>Cou–PEO</b> was irradiated at 254 nm to test for linearization, finding the linear product and cyclic precursor were likely photoequilibrated

Topology-Directed Control on Thermal Stability: Micelles Formed from Linear and Cyclized Amphiphilic Block Copolymers

The thermal stability of a self-assembled micelle was remarkably enhanced by a topology effect. Linear poly(butyl acrylate)-<i>block</i>-poly(ethylene oxide)-<i>block</i>-poly(butyl acrylate) (<b>1</b>) and the cyclized product, poly(butyl acrylate)-<i>block</i>-poly(ethylene oxide) (<b>2</b>), were self-assembled to form flower-like micelles. By means of viscometry, the critical micelle concentrations were determined to be 0.13 and 0.14 mg/mL for <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, respectively. Dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that both micelles are spherical and approximately 20 nm in diameter. Despite no distinctive change in the chemical composition or structure of the micelle, we found that the cloud point (<i>T</i>_c) was elevated by more than 40 °C through the linear-to-cyclic topological conversion of the polymer amphiphile. Furthermore, the <i>T</i>_c was tuned by coassembly of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>

A Programmed Polymer Folding: <i>Click</i> and <i>Clip</i> Construction of Doubly <i>Fused</i> Tricyclic and Triply <i>Fused</i> Tetracyclic Polymer Topologies

A tandem alkyne–azide addition, i.e., <i>click</i>, and an olefin metathesis condensation, i.e., <i>clip</i>, reactions in conjunction with an <i>electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation</i> (ESA-CF) process, have been demonstrated as effective means to produce constructions of programmed folding of polymers having doubly fused tricyclic and triply fused tetracyclic topologies. Thus, a series of cyclic poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(THF), precursors having an allyloxy group and an alkyne group (<b>Ia</b>), an allyloxy group and an azide group (<b>Ib</b>), and two alkyne groups (<b>Ic</b>) at the opposite positions was prepared by means of the ESA-CF method. The subsequent click reactions of <b>Ia</b> with a linear telechelic poly(THF) precursor having azide end groups (<b>Id</b>) and of <b>Ib</b> with <b>Ic</b> afforded a <i>bridged</i> dicyclic polymer (<b>IIa</b>) and a tandem <i>spiro</i> tricyclic precursor (<b>IIb</b>), respectively, both having two allyloxy groups at the opposite positions of the ring units. Finally, the intramolecular metathesis condensation reaction of <b>IIa</b> and of <b>IIb</b> in the presence of a Grubbs catalyst was performed to construct effectively a doubly <i>fused</i> tricyclic and a triply fused tetracyclic polymer topologies (<b>III</b> and <b>IV</b>), respectively

Folding Construction of Doubly <i>Fused</i> Tricyclic, β- and γ‑Graph Polymer Topologies with <i>kyklo</i>-Telechelic Precursors Obtained through an Orthogonal Click/ESA-CF Protocol

An alkyne–azide addition (click) reaction of a linear poly­(tetrahydrofuran), poly­(THF), precursor having an alkyne group at the center position and cyclic ammonium salt end groups has been applied with the complementary linear poly­(THF) precursors having an azide group at single or both chain ends to produce asymmetric star- and H-shaped poly­(THF) precursors having cyclic ammonium salt end groups. The subsequent electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process after introducing dicarboxylate counteranions having an additional alkene or alkyne group could afford the designated <i>kyklo</i>-telechelic precursors, having either a tadpole form containing an alkyne group at the top-head and an alkene group at the tail-end positions or an isomeric manacle/theta form containing two alkene groups at the orthogonal positions. The further click coupling of the former with a linear telechelic precursor having azide groups followed by the metathesis folding (clip) process could produce effectively a doubly <i>fused</i> tricyclic polymer having β-graph topology. Moreover, the convergent folding by the clip reaction of the latter manacle/theta isomeric precursors could produce exclusively another doubly <i>fused</i> tricyclic polymer having γ-graph topology