Unruptured Arteriovenous Malformations of Brain: An overview

Arteriovenous malformations are congenital lesions that occur most commonly in the supratentorial region. These space-occupying vascular lesions consist of multiple arteries and veins, connecting as a fistula without an intervening normal capillary bed. Typically, AVM’s are single lesions, except when associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The histology includes clusters of normal or dilated arteries and abnormal veins with calcification and occasionally some prior haemorrhage

Mitochonic Acid 5 (MA-5) Facilitates ATP Synthase Oligomerization and Cell Survival in Various Mitochondrial Diseases

Mitochondrial dysfunction increases oxidative stress and depletes ATP in a variety of disorders. Several antioxidant therapies and drugs affecting mitochondrial biogenesis are undergoing investigation, although not all of them have demonstrated favorable effects in the clinic. We recently reported a therapeutic mitochondrial drug mitochonic acid MA-5 (Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 2015). MA-5 increased ATP, rescued mitochondrial disease fibroblasts and prolonged the life span of the disease model “Mitomouse” (JASN, 2016). To investigate the potential of MA-5 on various mitochondrial diseases, we collected 25 cases of fibroblasts from various genetic mutations and cell protective effect of MA-5 and the ATP producing mechanism was examined. 24 out of the 25 patient fibroblasts (96%) were responded to MA-5. Under oxidative stress condition, the GDF-15 was increased and this increase was significantly abrogated by MA-5. The serum GDF-15 elevated in Mitomouse was likewise reduced by MA-5. MA-5 facilitates mitochondrial ATP production and reduces ROS independent of ETC by facilitating ATP synthase oligomerization and supercomplex formation with mitofilin/Mic60. MA-5 reduced mitochondria fragmentation, restores crista shape and dynamics. MA-5 has potential as a drug for the treatment of various mitochondrial diseases. The diagnostic use of GDF-15 will be also useful in a forthcoming MA-5 clinical trial

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Interleukin-6, MCP-1, IP-10, and MIG are sequentially expressed in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Correlation coefficients showing the relationships among the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interferon-Îł-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), and monokine induced by interferon-Îł (MIG). The maximum value of each cytokine or chemokine was adopted as its peak value. (DOC 28 kb