Rational Choice Hypothesis as X-point of Utility Function and Norm Function

Towards the realization of a sustainable, fair and inclusive society, we proposed a novel decision-making model that incorporates social norms in a rational choice model from the standpoints of deontology and utilitarianism. We proposed a hypothesis that interprets choice of action as the X-point for individual utility function that increases with actions and social norm function that decreases with actions. This hypothesis is based on humans psychologically balancing the value of utility and norms in selecting actions. Using the hypothesis and approximation, we were able to isolate and infer utility function and norm function from real-world measurement data of actions on environmental conditions and elucidate the interaction between the both functions that led from current status to target actions. As examples of collective data that aggregate decision-making of individuals, we looked at the changes in power usage before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake and the correlation between national GDP and CO2 emission in different countries. The first example showed that the perceived benefits of power (i.e., utility of power usage) was stronger than the power usage restrictions imposed by norms after the earthquake, contrary to our expectation. The second example showed that a reduction of CO2 emission in each country was not related to utility derived from GDP but to norms related to CO2 emission. Going forward, we will apply this new X-point model to actual social practices involving normative problems, and design the approaches for the diagnosis, prognosis and intervention of social systems by IT systems.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures. Published online at http://redfame.com/journal/index.php/aef/article/view/4890 . Related to arXiv:2002.0903

Sustainability and Fairness Simulations Based on Decision-Making Model of Utility Function and Norm Function

We introduced a decision-making model based on value functions that included individualistic utility function and socio-constructivistic norm function and proposed a norm-fostering process that recursively updates norm function through mutual recognition between the self and others. As an example, we looked at the resource-sharing problem typical of economic activities and assumed the distribution of individual actions to define the (1) norm function fostered through mutual comparison of value/action ratio based on the equity theory (progressive tax-like), (2) norm function proportional to resource utilization (proportional tax-like) and (3) fixed norm function independent of resource utilization (fixed tax-like). By carrying out numerical simulation, we showed that the progressive tax-like norm function (i) does not increase disparity for the distribution of the actions, unlike the other norm functions, and (ii) has high resource productivity and low Gini coefficient. Therefore the progressive tax-like norm function has the highest sustainability and fairness

神経科学情報に関する誤信念の浸透度とその修正可能性について

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A case report of bimaxillary protrusion with Angle Class I usingtemporary anchorage device (TAD)

The report describes orthodontic treatment of a 37 years 7 months old female patientwith Angle Class I and bimaxillary protrusion using temporary anchorage device (TAD).The antero–posterior skeletal relationship was skeletal Class II. The upper and lower incisorswere labially inclined and molar relationship was Angle Class I. The treatment objectives were correction of labial inclination of upper and lower incisors with extraction of theupper and lower first bicuspid using TAD. The upper arch wire with molar tip back bend was fixed at the upper second bicuspid from TAD during the retraction of canine and anteriorteeth. As a results of the treatment for 2 years and 10 months, upper and lower anteriorteeth showed lingual bodily movement and mandible rotated counterclockwise with the depress of upper anterior and molar teeth. On the other hand, the upper molar showed moderate anchorage with the mesial movement and depress of upper molar teeth due to tip back bend.In summary, orthodontic treatment using TAD and arch wire with tip back bend at molar make it possible for the lingual bodily movement of anterior teeth and the depression of upper anterior and molar teeth

II-VI族化合物半導体のヘテロエピタキシャル薄膜積層構造の成長と光励起特性に関する研究

制度:新 ; 文部省報告番号:乙1086号 ; 学位の種類:博士(工学) ; 授与年月日:1995-03-09 ; 早大学位記番号:新2172 ; 理工学図書館請求番号:1868早稲田大