When the living met the dead: the social functions of false doors in non-royal funerary culture with references to examples from the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the functions of Old Kingdom false doors, which are essential funerary equipment for the private tombs of the Egyptian elite. In previous research, two major religious roles of false doors, has been defined: firstly, as connecting doors etc; and secondly as the focus for the presentation of offerings for the deceased. By examining the types of inscriptions on the false doors and their location within the architectural structure of tombs this study will show that, in addition, Old Kingdom false doors also fulfilled roles centred on the living in their presentation of offerings and prayers to the deceased and the deceased’s ka. The textual evidence clearly indicates that the living and the dead established a relationship on the basis of the principle of do ut des, a relationship in which the false doors played a significant role

Debris Characterization And Mitigation Of Droplet Laser Plasma Sources For Euv Lithography

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is a next generation lithographic techniques under development for fabricating semiconductor devices with feature sizes smaller than 32 nm. The optics to be used in the EUVL steppers is reflective optics with multilayer mirror coatings on each surface. The wavelength of choice is 13.5 nm determined by the optimum reflectivity of the mirror coatings. The light source required for this wavelength is derived from a hot-dense plasma produced by either a gas discharge or a laser. This study concentrate only on the laser produced plasma source because of its advantages of scalability to higher repetition rates. The design of a the laser plasma EUVL light source consists of a plasma produced from a high-intensity focused laser beam from a solid/liquid target, from which radiation is generated and collected by a large solid angle mirror or array of mirrors. The collector mirrors have the same reflectivity characteristics as the stepper mirrors. The EUVL light source is considered as the combination of both the hot-dense plasma and the collector mirrors. The EUVL light sources required by the stepper manufacturers must have sufficient EUV output power and long operational lifetimes to meet market-determined chip production rates. The most influential factor in achieving the required EUV output power is the conversion efficiency (CE) of laser input energy relative to the EUV radiation collected. A high CE is demonstrated in a separate research program by colleagues in the Laser Plasma laboratory at CREOL. Another important factor for the light source is the reflectivity lifetime of the collection optics as mirror reflectivity can be degraded by deposition and ablation from the plasma debris. Realization of a high CE but low debris plasma source is possible by reducing the mass of the target, which is accomplished by using tin-doped droplet targets. These have sufficient numbers of tin atoms for high CE, but the debris generation is minimal. The first part of this study investigates debris emissions from tin-doped droplet targets, in terms of aerosols and ions. Numerous tin aerosols can be created during a single laser-target interaction. The effects these interactions are observed and the depositions are investigated using SEM, AFM, AES, XPS, and RBS techniques. The generation of aerosols is found to be the result of incomplete ionization of the target material, corresponding to non-optimal laser coupling to the target for maximum CE. In order to determine the threats of the ion emission to the collector mirror coatings from an optimal, fully ionized target, the ion flux is measured at the mirror distance using various techniques. The ion kinetic energy distributions obtained for individual ion species are quantitatively analyzed. Incorporating these distributions with Monte-Carlo simulations provide lifetime estimation of the collector mirror under the effect of ion sputtering. The current estimated lifetime the tin-doped droplet plasma source is only a factor of 500 less than the stepper manufacturer requirements, without the use of any mitigation schemes to stop these ions interacting with the mirror. The second part of this investigation explores debris mitigation schemes. Two mitigation schemes are applied to tin-doped droplet laser plasmas; electrostatic field mitigation, and a combination of a foil trap with a magnetic field. Both mitigation schemes demonstrate their effectiveness in suppressing aerosols and ion flux. A very small number of high-energy ions still pass through the combination of the two mitigation schemes but the sputtering caused by these ions is too small to offer a threat to mirror lifetime. It is estimated that the lifetime of the collector mirror, and hence the source lifetime, will be sufficient when tin-doped targets are used in combination with these mitigation schemes

Generator for Flux Specific Bursts of Nano-particles

Methods, systems and apparatus for producing a variable, known number of nanoparticles of various materials in an expanding mist in a vacuum or enclosure. The configurations allow for this mist of small particles to be produced in bursts, at repetition rates over a wide range of frequencies. The technique produces an isotropically expanding mist of particles. Direct applications of the invention can be used for the development of high power short wavelength incoherent light sources for applications in EUV lithography (EUVL), advanced microscopy, precision metrology, and other fields

Insider out : Cross-national differences in foreign-born female labor force participation in the United States, Sweden, and Japan

Author's accepted version (postprint). This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Sage in International Migration Review on 15/6/2023. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183221133319acceptedVersio

Advanced Droplet and Plasma Targeting System

Methods, systems, apparatus, devices for tracking, controlling and providing feedback on droplets used in EUV source technology. The method and system track and correct positions of droplet targets and generated plasma including generating the droplet target or plasma, optically imaging the generated target, determining position coordinates, comparing the position coordinates to a set optimal position to determine if a deviation has occurred and moving the generated target back to the optimal position if the deviation has occurred. The optical imaging step includes activating a light source to image the generated target, the light source is strobed at approximately the same rate as the droplet production to provide illumination of the droplet for stroboscopic imaging. The step of moving is accomplished mechanically by moving the generated target back to the predefined position or electronically under computer control

Legitimation of Income Inequality in Japan: A Comparison with South Korea and the United States

This paper was submitted to the Research Network Q “Asian Capitalisms” of the 2019 SASE annual conference in New York and won the 2019 FFJ/SASE Award for the Best Paper on Asia. This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16H03688.Why does Japan have a large earnings gap between regular and non-regular employment? We attempt to answer this question through the lens of the legitimation of inequality, assuming the possibility that the inequality remains unresolved because it is legitimized due to institutional settings in Japanese society. In this paper, we explore to what extent the inequality is legitimized, as well as how it is legitimized, in Japanese society by analyzing data collected from a comparative vignette survey on the just income of fictitious workers in comparison with South Korea and the United States. The results of multilevel model analysis show that the income gap between regular and non-regular employees is accepted as just in Japan and South Korea. Moreover, non-regular worker respondents think that the income gap should be wider than regular worker respondents do (against their own interests) only in Japan. To some extent, the acceptance of income inequality and its over-acceptance by non-regular workers can be explained by the assumed difference in the duties and opportunities in the workplace between regular and non-regular employees, which is brought about by the male breadwinner model and Japanese firms’ practices to secure the livelihood of employees and their families. Based on the results, we argue that the income inequality between regular and non-regular employment in Japan has a stronger logic of legitimation and, therefore, is more likely to persist than in other countries

Development of Auxiliary Implements for Fixation of Wood Piece in Hand Sawing Learning Implemented in School for Disabled Students

This is a technological problem-solving project-based learning for students in technology education teacher preparation course to apply their knowledge comprehensively and upgrade their skills efficiently in making things (monodsukwi). The main task is to develop an auxiliary implements for the fixation of wood piece stablely to help disabled students learn sawing operation by fully using their two hands. Magnetic holders were adopted in auxiliary implements as the side-stoppers and end-stopper, so that the wood piece can be easily and immediately fixed or released just by changing over switch to ON or OFF. The validity of the developed auxiliaryimplements was verified by putting it to trial for students in the Secondary Special Support School attached to Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University. Based on the responses to the questionnaire survey, the positive evaluation was obtained from their comments. "It is a very helpful tool for disabled students to overcome difficulties in wood sawing learning." "Training by using such functional tool is especially an effective way to stimulate students improveing their literacy and mastering basic knowledge through active learning." Doubtlessly to say, the usefulness of this tool can also be extended to the ordinary elementary school students and unskilled junior high school students. From the standpoint of finding high quality practical hands-on activities for technology education teacher preparation, this project was successful in collaboration with the school attached to our faculty. The development of the tool to meet the specific educational needs provided a student-centered learning through experiencing the whole monodsukwi processes of motivation, designning, making and evaluation. This approach is an authentic application for pre-service teachers to develop and improve theircapability in technological problem-solving

High conversion efficiency mass-limited Sn-based laser plasma source for extreme ultraviolet lithography

Extreme ultraviolet lithography requires a high-efficiency light source at 13 nm that is free from debris. Our mass-limited Sn-based laser plasma source shows 1.2% conversion efficiency. Emission spectra from the source were obtained to observe the effects of Sri concentration and effects of laser intensity. Debris measurements were analyzed, and an enhanced repeller field configuration shows marked improvement in mitigating debris. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society

A community-based intervention in middle schools to improve HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening in Japan

Abstract Aim Japan has low rates of cervical cancer screening and Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. This research examines the effectiveness of a family medicine resident-led, intervention in increasing knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer in middle school-girls and increasing knowledge and intention to have cervical cancer screening in their mothers. Methods We utilized a pre-test/post-test intervention design in three rural middle schools with 7th grade middle school-girls and their mothers. A school-based activity educated girls about HPV and cervical cancer. A home-based activity utilized a homework assignment for girls and their mothers. Pre/post intervention surveys were completed by the girls and their mothers. Major outcomes included changes in knowledge among girls and mothers and barriers to be screened for cervical cancer among mothers. Results Sixty-five students and sixty-three mothers completed the study. Two out five mothers were not in compliance with current screening recommendations. Identified barriers included: embarrassment (79%), poor access (56%), fear of having cancer (52%), and cervical cancer screening being an unknown procedure (46%). Forty-four percent of mothers deemed their daughters to be at risk for cervical cancer. Trusted sources of information included: doctors (97%), newspapers/television (89%), government (79%), the Internet (78%), and friends (62%). Student knowledge scores (7-point scale) improved significantly from pre- to post-intervention (4.8 vs. 5.9, p < 0.001). Knowledge scores (14-point scale) among mothers also significantly improved (11.7 vs. 12.0, p = 0.024). Conclusions These data suggest a community-based intervention on a sensitive topic by family medicine residents can be implemented in middle schools, can improve school-girls’ knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer, and can reach their mothers. Additional research could examine whether those intending to be screened receive screening and how to reach women who still resist screening.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109452/1/12930_2014_Article_13.pd