Diarylheptanoid Sulfates and Related Compounds from <i>Myrica rubra</i> Bark

Three new diarylheptanoids, myricanol 11-sulfate (<b>1</b>), juglanin B 11-sulfate (<b>2</b>), and myricanone 5-<i>O</i>-(6′-<i>O</i>-galloyl)­glucoside (<b>3</b>), were isolated from the bark of <i>Myrica rubra</i>. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> were characterized as diarylheptanoid sulfates on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The antioxidative activities of the fractionated extracts and isolated compounds were estimated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity assays. The major isolate, myricitrin (<b>4</b>), displayed a high ORAC value and moderate SOD-like activity (13 198 μmol TE (Trolox equivalent)/g and IC₅₀ 127.5 μg/mL, respectively), which might explain the potent antioxidative activity of this material

The ability to achieve back-to-back wing contact at 20, 29, 42, and 55 days of age.

<p>Four of 10 unaffected birds (No. 12, 16, 18, and 20) lost their ability of back-to-back wing contact during late stage of rearing. In contrast, 2 of 6 affected birds (No. 3 and 7) recovered its ability of back-to-back wing contact.</p

Myofibers of small caliber.

<p>Myofibers of small caliber were found not only in the pectoral major muscles but also in the supracoracoideus muscles (9/9 of affected and 7/7 of unaffected), and more in severe lesions with progressive fibrosis. Degenerative changes were more severe in the pectoral major muscles (A) and supracoracoideus muscles (B) of No.9 than the pectoral major muscles (C) and supracoracoideus muscles (D) of No.2. Arrows indicated typical myofibers of small caliber. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and eosin stain. Scale bars: 50 μm.</p

EEG, kinematic, and EMG signals of representative participants during self-paced ankle movements.

<p>Noise-reduced EEG signal from C_z (EEG_Cz), ankle angle (<i>θ</i>_Ankle), and full-wave rectified EMG signals from the tibialis anterior (EMG_TA) and medial gastrocnemius (EMG_MG) muscles are shown. Ankle angles have been centered and normalized to its range.</p

Plasma creatine kinase (CK) and L-aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level examined in 20-, 29-, 42-, and 55-day-old affected and unaffected birds (A, B), and CK and AST levels of unaffected birds divided into two groups according to the ability of back-to-back wing contact at 55 days of age (C, D).

<p>The CK and the AST of unaffected birds were increased rapidly than the CK and the AST of affected birds with increasing age. Although the number of samples in C and D is insufficient to obtain statistical significance, CK and AST values of unaffected birds was increased in the group without back-to-back wing contact with increasing age.</p

The absence of the characteristic polygonal shape of myofibers in the pectoralis major muscles of affected bird No. 9 (A) and unaffected bird No. 15 (B).

<p>Absence of characteristic polygonal shape of myofibers were observed not only in the pectoralis major muscles of affected bird (8 of 9) but also the pectoralis major muscles of unaffected bird (7 of 7). Most of myofibers in affected birds lacked polygonal shape, and appeared round shaped (*) contrasted to polygonal myofibers found in unaffected birds (arrow). However, even in unaffected birds, some myofibers lacked polygons (**). Interstitial thickening with fibrosis and intermuscular adipose tissues observed in affected bird, whereas they are only slightly observed in unaffected bird. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and eosin stain. Scale bars: 200 μm.</p

Clinical details of participants with PD.

<p>Clinical details of participants with PD.</p

White striping on the surface of PM.

<p>Macroscopically, prominent milky or grayish white stripes (arrows) were seen in affected bird No. 2 (A), and slight white stripes (arrow heads) were seen in unaffected bird No. 15 (B).</p

Validation of experimental corticomuscular coherence.

<p>(a) Significant experimental and surrogate coherence between C_z and the right tibialis anterior muscle of a participant with PD during externally-paced movements. Pixels with significant coherence are shown in black. (b) Volumes of significant coherence between C_z and the tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles of participants with PD during self-paced movements. Error bars indicate inter-individual standard deviations.</p

Intra-individual mean and coefficient of variation of motor performance parameters for self-paced and externally-paced movements.

<p>Error bars indicate inter-individual standard deviations.</p