Glandular Inclusion in the Periprostatic Nerve Ganglion

The presence of epithelial cells in the nerve tissue is generally regarded as indicative of malignant neoplasia in the prostate, although it may be encountered in the benign breast lesions. Recently, however, we have observed a normal-looking prostatic gland epithelium in the nerve ganglion near hyperplastic prostate. This case, therefore, indicates that benign epithelial-nerve intermingling may occur in the prostatic tissue and that the identification of epithelial cells within nerves as malignant should be more careful in the prostatic gland as is in the breast tissue

Extrarenal Angiomyolipoma : Report of a Mediastinal Case and Review of the Literature

A mediastinal angiomyolipoma was excised from a 17-year-old man. It was composed of capillaries and cavernous hemangioma-like vessels, smooth muscle cells and mature fat cells. The histology was somewhat different from that of ordinary renal angiomyolipoma. Extrarenal angiomyolipoma has been also reported under other terms. It seems extremely rare. To our knowledge, only 22 cases of such examples have been reported in English literature. Here, we present our case with histological comparisons between renal and extrarenal varieties. A possible histogenesis is also discussed

Neuropathologic Studies of Acute Multiple Sclerosis Mimicking Acute Encephalitis

Neuropathologic findings of acute multiple sclerosis mimicking acute encephalitis were described. The patient was a 42-year-old man with acute febrile encephalitic symptoms and signs such as high fever, unconsciousness and convulsive seizures, and a monophasic course of 18 days duration. Pathologically, numerous inflammatory demyelinating lesions were scattered mainly in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter, the internal capsules, the putamen, the brainstem and the optic nerves. In particular, the demyelinating lesions of the brainstem were extensive and confluent, whereas those in the right occipital lobe were small and perivenous, reminiscent of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Axons in these demyelinating lesions were well preserved, with a considerable number of macrophages and partial proliferation of protoplasmic astrocytes. There were no demyelinating lesions of concentric sclerosis type, which may occur in cases with acute multiple sclerosis. Pathological features in this case were typical of acute multiple sclerosis despite the symptoms and signs mimicking acute encephalitis and a clinical course of only 18 days duration

The effect of the speaker's confmnatory question on understandability of verbal explanation

Previous studies have shown that confirmatory questions enhance the understandability of an explanation. Examples include asking a degree of understanding of the listener and current state of the description target in verbal explanation. In the current study, we examined the effect of two types of confirmatory question by tbe speaker on tbe degree of understanding of the listener. The experimenter verbally explained to participants how to draw a geometric figore. We manipulated tbe types of explanation: (a) tbe speaker aaks a degree of understanding of the listener dwing explanation, (b) the speaker asks a current state of the description target during explanation, and (c) the speaker simply repeats the explanation. As a result, tbe highest understandability score was attained when tbe explanation was repeated. Accuracy scores of the drawing were high in all three situations; we therefore conclude that conimnatory questions are not effective in every situation of verbal explanation. Repetition of the explanation is sufficient to increase the listener's understanding if the content of the description is simple