Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) data for mouse A.

<p>(A) Data for the position of the turntable during rotation. (B) X component of the rotation vector of eye position during rotation. (C) Y component of the rotation vector of eye position during rotation. (D) Z component of the rotation vector of eye position during rotation. The Z component was in phase with the X and Y components, but it was 180° out of phase with the turntable shown in (A). (E) Changes in the length of the minor and major axes of the pupil ellipse during rotation. The length of the major axis of the pupil ellipse was almost constant during rotation. The length of the minor axis of pupil ellipse changed in phase with the Z component phase, as shown in (D). (F) Velocity data of the turntable during rotation. (G) X component of the rotation vector of eye velocity during rotation. The length of the minor axis of the pupil ellipse changed in phase with the Z component change, as shown in (D). (F) Velocity data for the turntable during rotation. (G) X component of rotation vectors of eye velocity during rotation. (H) Y component of rotation vectors of eye velocity during rotation. (I) Z component was the main component of the rotation vectors of eye movement. X and Y component values were low. Z component was 180° and was out of phase with the turntable, as shown in (F). (J) Angular velocity of eye rotation around the axis of rotation. As the value of the rotation vectors of eye velocity were always positive, we let the sign of angular velocity of eye rotation around the axis of rotation coincide with the Z component of the rotation vector of eye velocity. We calculated the gain and phase of VOR using these data.</p

VOR data for mice B and C.

<p>A, X component of the rotation vector of eye position during rotation in mouse B. B, Y component of the rotation vector of eye position during rotation in mouse B. C, Z component of the rotation vector of eye position during rotation in mouse B. D, Angular velocity of eye rotation around the axis of rotation in mouse B and velocity data of the turntable during rotation. The gain of VOR was 0.74 [(65.7°/sec) / (88.5°/sec)] and the phase of VOR was 4.88°. E, Changes in the length of the minor and major axes of the pupil ellipse during rotation in mouse B. The length of the major axis of the pupil ellipse was almost constant during rotation. The length of the minor axis of pupil ellipse changed in phase with the Z component phase, as shown in (C). F, Contrast-enhanced image of the eye of mouse B. G, Contrast-enhanced image of the eye of mouse C. H, Data for the position of the turntable during mouse C was rotated. I, The movement of the coordinate of center of pupil of mouse C in two-dimensional images. The unit of this graph was “dots,” not “degrees” because the iris freckle could not be detected, and the rotational angle could not be analyzed.</p

Image-processing procedure for detecting the center of the pupil ellipse and the center of gravity of an iris freckle in mouse A.

<p>(A) Original image of the left eye of mouse A. (B) Same eye as in (A) but in a contrast-enhanced image. (C) White areas are where the gray scale was less than the threshold value. Black rectangle shows the region of interest (ROI) for detecting the left edge of the pupil. (D) Left edge of the pupil was detected. (E) White areas are where the gray scale was less than the threshold value. Black rectangle shows the ROI for detecting the right edge of the pupil. (F) Right edge of the pupil was detected. (G) The edge of the pupil was approximated by the pupil ellipse and calculated at the center of the ellipse. (H) ROI for detecting an iris freckle was determined after calculating the pupil ellipse. The region was some distance from the center of the ellipse and had the same curvature as the ellipse. (I) In the region shown in (H), an iris freckle was detected with the gray scale less than the threshold value. (J) Coordinates of the iris freckle were calculated as the center of gravity of the white areas shown in (I).</p

Msi1 interacts with the 3′ UTR of its target mRNA and PABP, and subsequently inhibits translation initiation by competing with eIF4G for PABP

These sequential events inhibit formation of the 80S ribosome complex.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Neural RNA-binding protein Musashi1 inhibits translation initiation by competing with eIF4G for PABP"</p><p></p><p>The Journal of Cell Biology 2008;181(4):639-653.</p><p>Published online 19 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2386104.</p><p></p

Schema for analyzing three-dimensional rotation vectors of eye movements during rotation in mice and the image-processing procedure for analyzing movement of the turntable.

<p>(A) Movements of the turntable and the eyes of the mice were recorded by two high-speed infrared CCD cameras. Images obtained by the two cameras were synchronized. (B) Original image of the markers on the turntable. (C) Same as that in (B) but in a contrast-enhanced image. (D) The center of gravity of the two markers was detected. (E) The movement of the line connecting the two centers of gravity of the markers was calculated to be equivalent to the movement of the turntable.</p

Calculation of the length of the radius of rotation of the center of the pupil and the radius of rotation of an iris freckle.

<p>(A) Calculation of the length of the radius of rotation of the pupil center, <i>R</i>. Eqs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152307#pone.0152307.e001" target="_blank">1</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152307#pone.0152307.e003" target="_blank">3</a> apply when the eye rotates <i>θ</i> from the eye position during frontal vision in the plane <i>P</i>, which includes the center of eye rotation and the diameter that corresponds to the minor axis of the pupil ellipse of the image plane (gray line, left figure), where <i>r</i> is the length between <i>o</i> and the center of the pupil ellipse <i>p</i>. (B) Next, we calculate the length of the radius of rotation of an iris freckle. When an iris freckle is on the same plane as the pupil edge, the radius of rotation, <i>R’</i>, is calculated by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152307#pone.0152307.e005" target="_blank">Eq 4</a>, in which <i>a</i> is the distance between the center of the pupil ellipse and the center of gravity of an iris freckle in the image, <i>b</i> is the distance between the center of the pupil ellipse and point <i>c</i> in the image, point <i>c</i> is the point of intersection of the edge of the pupil ellipse and the line connecting of the center of the pupil ellipse and the center of gravity of an iris freckle in the image.</p

Calculation of the center of eye rotation in a two-dimensional image plane.

<p>(A) Pupil ellipses and the minor axis of the pupil ellipse obtained during circular eye movement induced by swirling the mouse around manually. (B) Point of intersection of multiple minor axes of a pupil ellipse. Ideally, multiple minor axes of a pupil ellipse would intersect at a single point, but they did not. The point of intersection of multiple minor axes of a pupil ellipse were determined as a point of the sum of the squares of the minimum distances between the point and the minor axes (black lines). (C) Center of eye rotation in the image calculated from the six minor axes shown in (A). The six minor axes shown in (A) are drawn here. The white small circle was the point where the sum of the squares of the distance between the point and the minor axis was minimum. After calculating the coordinates of the center of eye rotation in the image plane, a three-dimensional coordinate frame of XYZ was determined, as shown in the Inset.</p

Musashi-1 Post-Transcriptionally Enhances Phosphotyrosine-Binding Domain-Containing m-Numb Protein Expression in Regenerating Gastric Mucosa

<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Upregulation of the RNA-binding protein Musashi-1 (Msi1) has been shown to occur in rat gastric corpus mucosa after ethanol-induced mucosal injury. However, there is no direct evidence linking Msi1 with gastric regeneration. We examined the process of tissue repair after acute gastric mucosal injury with Msi1-knock-out (KO) mice to clarify the role of Msi1 and Msi1-dependent regulation of m-Numb expression in regenerating gastric mucosa.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>Acute gastric injury was induced in Msi1-KO and wild-type ICR mice by administering absolute ethanol. Expression of the splicing variants of <em>m-Numb</em> mRNA and protein in the gastric mucosa were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>We demonstrated that phosphotyrosine-binding domain-containing m-Numb expression was significantly upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in wild-type mice at 3 h after ethanol-induced acute gastric injury. In contrast, in Msi1-KO mice, the m-Numb protein was expressed weakly, and was associated with delayed regeneration of the injured gastric mucosal epithelium. In the Msi1-KO mouse, the ratio of <em>m-Numb</em> mRNA to total <em>m-Numb</em> mRNA in the heavy polysome fractions was lower than that in the wild-type mouse. Further, we showed that m-Numb-enhancement in gastric mucous cells induced the expression of prostate stem cell antigen and metallothionein-2. Under the m-Numb enhancing condition, the gastric cells exhibited enhanced cell proliferation and were significantly more resistant to H₂O₂-induced cell death than control cells.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Msi1-dependent post-transcriptional enhancement of m-Numb is crucial in gastric epithelial regeneration.</p> </div

Video_1_Stratification of patients with Menière’s disease based on eye movement videos recorded from the beginning of vertigo attacks and contrast-enhanced MRI findings.MP4

PurposeDiagnosis of Menière’s disease (MD) relies on subjective factors and the patients diagnosed with MD may have heterogeneous pathophysiologies. This study aims to stratify MD patients using two objective data, nystagmus videos and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI).MethodsThis is a retrospective cross-sectional study. According to the Japan Society for Equilibrium Research criteria (c-JSER), adults diagnosed with definite MD and who obtained videos recorded by portable nystagmus recorder immediately following vertigo attacks and underwent CE-MRI of the inner ear were included (ss = 91). Patients who obtained no nystagmus videos, who had undergone sac surgery, and those with long examination intervals were excluded (n = 40).ResultsThe gender of the subjects was 22 males and 29 females. The age range was 20–82 y, with a median of 54 y. Endolymphatic hydrops (EH) were observed on CE-MRI in 84% (43 patients). Thirty-one patients had unilateral EH. All of them demonstrated EH on the side of the presence of cochlear symptoms. The number of patients who had both nystagmus and EH was 38. Five patients only showed EH and 5 patients only exhibited nystagmus, while 3 patients did not have either. Of the 43 nystagmus records, 32 showed irritative nystagmus immediately after the vertigo episode. The direction of nystagmus later reversed in 44% of cases over 24 h.ConclusionPatients were stratified into subgroups based on the presence or absence of EH and nystagmus. The side with cochlear symptoms was consistent with EH. The c-JSER allows for the diagnosis of early-stage MD patients, and it can be used to treat early MD and preserve hearing; however, this approach may also include patients with different pathologies.</p

Schematic representation of Msi1-dependent gastric regeneration.

<p>After gastric damage, PTB domain-containing <i>m-numb</i> transcript is induced. Msi1 enhances the <i>m-numb</i> translation. The translated m-Numb protein induces the expression of regeneration-related genes such as <i>PSCA</i> and <i>Mt2</i>, resulting in gastric regeneration.</p