Acrylated palm oil nanoparticle synthesized by radiation-induced process as a controlled drug delivery system

The acrylated palm oil (APO) nanoparticle is a potential product that can be used as carriers in medical field. The main focus of the present study was to study the potential of the APO nanoparticles for used in a controlled drug delivery system. The microemulsion system is used as a medium to incorporate an active substance such as Thymoquinone (TQ) into the APO polymeric micelle and then the radiation technique is used as a tool for the synthesis of TQ-loaded APO nanoparticle. The nano-size TQ-loaded APO particles resulted the particle size of less than 150 nm with spherical in shape. The TQ release profile was carried out in potassium buffer saline (PBS) solutions (pH 7.4) at 37°C. And, the zero-order model has been used to determine the mechanism of the drug release from the corresponding nanoparticles, respectively. The TQ release was found to be sustained and controlled in pH 7.4. At pH 7.4, the release of TQ followed the zero-order model. The in-vitro drug release study showed a good prospect of the APO nanoparticle on being a potential drug carrier as there are toxic against colon cancer cells and not toxic towards normal cells. This suggested that the APO product produce using this radiation technique can be developed into different type of carrier systems for controlled drug release applications

Synthesis of radiation curable palm oil-based epoxy acrylate: NMR, FTIR spectroscopic investigations

Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing demand for bio-based polymers and resins in industrial applications, due to their potential lower cost and environmental impact compared with petroleum-based counterparts. The present research concerns the synthesis of epoxidized palm oil acrylate (EPOLA) from an epoxidized palm oil product (EPOP) as environmentally friendly material. EPOP was acrylated by acrylic acid via a ring opening reaction. The kinetics of the acrylation reaction were monitored throughout the reaction course and the acid value of the reaction mixture reached 10 mg KOH/g after 16 h, indicating the consumption of the acrylic acid. The obtained epoxy acrylate was investigated intensively by means of FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and the results revealed that the ring opening reaction was completed successfully with an acrylation yield about 82%. The UV free radical polymerization of EPOLA was carried out using two types of photoinitiators. The radiation curing behavior was determined by following the conversion of the acrylate groups. The cross-linking density and the hardness of the cured EPOLA films were measured to evaluate the effect of the photoinitiator on the solid film characteristics, besides, the thermal and mechanical properties were also evaluated

Radiation-induced formation of acrylated palm oil nanoparticle using pluronic F-127 microemulsion system

This study demonstrated the utilization of radiation-induced initiator methods for the formation of nanoparticles of Acrylated Palm Oil (APO) using aqueous Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) microemulsion system. This microemulsion system was subjected to gamma irradiation to form the crosslinked APO nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the size and the chemical structure of the nanoparticles. As a result, the size of the APO nanoparticle was decreased when the irradiation dose increased. The decrease in size might be due to the effects of intermolecular crosslinking and intramolecular crosslinking reactions of the APO nanoparticles during irradiation process. The size of the nanoparticle is in the range of 98 to 200 nanometer (nm) after irradiation using gamma irradiator. This radiation-induced method provides a free initiator induced and easy to control process as compared to the classical or chemical initiator process. The study has shown that radiation-induced initiator methods, namely, polymerization and crosslinking in the microemulsion, were promising for the synthesis of nanoparticles

Soil burial biodegradation studies of palm oil-based UV-curable films

The palm oil-based ultraviolet (uv)-curable films were subjected to an outdoor soil burial test to investigate the biodegradation under natural environment. The films were burial in the soil experiment plot at the Nuclear Malaysia’s Dengkil complex. The uv-curable films were synthesized from the epoxidized palm oil acrylated (EPOLA) resin and the polyurethane palm oil (POBUA) resin, respectively. Biodegradation tests are more specific to burial film in soil experiments for 12 months under natural conditions. The biodegradability of palm oil resin based uv-curable films were investigated and compared with the petrochemical resin based film. The films properties were compared with respect to properties of the thermal characteristic, the crystallinity, the morphology and the weight loss which are analyzed using the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the scanning electron microscope (SEM), an optical microscope and the weight loss of film calculation. These findings suggested that the palm oil-based uv-curable films show quite satisfactory biodegradation levels

Understanding intrinsic plasticizer in vegetable oil-based polyurethane elastomer as enhanced biomaterial

Renewable polyol is of increasing interest as a building block in biomedical elastomer for bearing biodegradable ester group and immaculate functionality. Derived from non-edible vegetable oil, a new class of elastomer was successfully functionalized with MDI and TDI. Crosslink densities were varied by regulating ratio of hydroxyl to diisocyanate (r) at 1/1.0, 1/1.1, and 1/1.2. Produced elastomers were examined by crosslink density, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile testing, and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained elastomers had subambient glass transition temperature (T g) suggested majority soft segment that acted as a continuous phase with intermediate phase separation. Medium conversion at gel point had enhanced physical properties. Highly elastic mechanical behavior was afforded from combination of side chains and high molecular weight polyol. At r = 1/1.2, MDI-based elastomer showed twofold improvement in Young modulus at slight expense of elongation. TDI-based elastomer accomplished elongation beyond 162%. Branching allophanate and biuret resisted early thermal breakdown by elevating activation energy. Frequency response and kinetic of thermal degradation provided beneficial perspective for elastomer characterization. The vegetable oil-based polyurethane was found able to resemble most of the physical properties of polycaprolactone (PCL)-derived polyurethane

Radiation synthesis and characterization of micro and nano particles of acrylated palm olein for use in drug delivery

Emulsion polymerization and crosslinking reaction of acrylated palm olein (APO) in the presence of anionic and nonionic group surfactants were carried out by gamma irradiation. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and formation of micro micelles as well their properties were determined their relationship to the control parameters such as APO and surfactant concentration, storage time and irradiation effect. The dynamic light scattering (DLS), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the size, the irradiation effect and the chemical structure of the micro and nanoparticle. Size of the APO micro and nanoparticles can be varied by changing the formulation and the irradiation dose. Size of the APO micro and nanoparticle is in the range of 77 to 500 nanometer (nm) when the system was irradiated with gamma ray at irradiation doses from 0.36 to 25 kGy. Using thymoquinone as a model bioactive compound, a drug loaded APO micro and nanoparticles were synthesized. Size of the thymoquinone-loaded APO micro or nanoparticle was in the range of 140 to 300 nanometer after irradiation using gamma irradiator. The presence of the bioactive and surface active compounds in the micro and nanomicelles determined the particle size and stability, and the bioactive release rate. This radiation-induced method provides a free initiator induced and easy to control process as compared to that of the classical or chemical initiator process. This study showed that radiation-induced initiator method which involves polymerization and crosslinking in the microemulsion is very promising for the synthesis of micro and nanoparticles

Production of UV-curable palm oil resins/oligomers using laboratory scale and pilot scale systems

In recent years, there are growing trends in using palm oil as raw materials in radiation curable resins production. In this study, the acrylated palm oil resins i.e. the EPOLA (epoxidized palm oil acrylate) and the POBUA (palm oil based urethane acrylate) were synthesized using two different systems, i.e. the 25 liter pilot scale reactor synthesis system and the 2 liter (L) laboratory scale reactor synthesis system through chemical processes known as acrylation and isocyanation. In this paper, the property of the acrylated resins which were produced by these two systems were evaluated and compared between each other. Their properties were characterized using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer for functional group identification; the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for molecular weight (Mw) determination, the Brookfield viscometer for viscosity measurements, the acid values (AV) and the oxirane oxygen contents (OOC) analysis. As a result, the production process for both the 2 L and 25 L reactor system were found to be time consuming and the main advantages for the 25 L reactor was its higher productivity as compared with the 2 L reactor system with the same synthesis process parameters i.e. the temperatures and the experimental methods. Besides that, the 25 L reactor synthesis process was found to be safe, easy to control and served unpolluted process to the environments. The final products, the acrylated palm oil resins were formulated into ultraviolet (UV) curable compounds before subjecting them under UV irradiation. As a result, the UV-curable palm oil resins showed potential uses as pressure sensitive adhesives, printing inks including overprint varnishes (OPV) and coatings

Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin

Jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) was prepared from crude Jatropha oil via an epoxidation and hydroxylation reaction. During the isocyanation step, two different types of diisocyanates; 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), were introduced to produce Jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylates (JPUA). The products were named JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI, respectively. The success of the stepwise reactions of the resins was confirmed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to support the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis that was reported in the previous study. For JPUA-TDI, the presence of a signal at 7.94 ppm evidenced the possible side reactions between urethane linkages with secondary amine that resulted in an aryl-urea group (Ar-NH-COO-). Meanwhile, the peak of 2.89 ppm was assigned to the α-position of methylene to the carbamate (-CH2NHCOO) group in the JPUA-IPDI. From the rheological study, JO and JPUA-IPDI in pure form were classified as Newtonian fluids, while JPUA-TDI showed non-Newtonian behaviour with pseudoplastic or shear thinning behaviour at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, the JO, JPUA-IPDI mixture and JPUA-TDI mixture exhibited reductions in viscosity and shear stress as the shear rate increased. The JO and JPUA-IPDI mixture maintained Newtonian fluid behaviour at all temperature ranges. Meanwhile, the JPUA-TDI mixture showed shear thickening at 25 °C and shear thinning at 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C. The master curve graph based on the shear rate for the JO, JPUA-TDI mixture and JPUA-IPDI mixture at 25 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C was developed as a fluid behaviour reference for future storage and processing conditions during the encapsulation process. The encapsulation process can be conducted to fabricate a self-healing coating based on a microcapsule triggered either by air or ultra-violet (UV) radiation