La fusariose des épis des céréales à paille : synthèse de 10 années de recherche pour une meilleure gestion intégrée de la maladie.

International audienceFusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease caused by a complex of plant pathogenic fungal species of the genera Fusarium andMicrodochium, with different epidemiological characteristics and producing or not different toxins. The FHB causes significant yieldlosses, health issues and technological quality concerns in all temperate areas worldwide. The composition of the species complexis different according to the cereal, depending on the climate of the year and the agronomic practices. These species may havedifferent susceptibilities to the fungicides used and different behaviors towards genetic resistance. Thus, investigating thesecharacteristics is required to implement integrated pest management strategies adapted to this disease. For more than 10 years,several research programs have led to significant progress in this area. Tools have been developed to more accurately characterizefungal populations and their interactions. Models have been developed to predict the risk and to adapt control measures. Themolecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between plant genes and the pathogenicity of fungal species are beginning to bedeciphered. Phenotyping methods are being developed to help in the characterization of varietal susceptibility and direct controlmethods using biocontrol products are under investigation. The goal of this paper is to review the main results obtained in thecontext of integrated management of fusarium head blight.La fusariose de l’épi (FHB) est une maladie des céréales causée par un complexe d’espèces de champignons phytopathogènes desgenres Fusarium et Microdochium, ayant des caractéristiques épidémiologiques différentes et productrices ou non de différentestoxines. Le FHB entraîne d’importantes pertes de rendement et des problèmes de qualité sanitaire et technologique dans toutes lesrégions tempérées du globe. La composition du complexe d’espèces est différente selon les céréales, très dépendante du climat del’année et de l’itinéraire technique. Ces espèces peuvent avoir des sensibilités différentes aux fongicides utilisés et descomportements différents vis à vis des résistances présentes dans les variétés. Ainsi, il est essentiel de connaître ces caractéristiquespour mettre en œuvre les méthodes de lutte intégrée adaptées à cette maladie. Depuis plus de 10 ans, plusieurs programmes derecherche ont permis des avancées significatives sur cette thématique. Des outils ont été développés et ont permis de caractériserplus précisément les populations fongiques selon les céréales et leurs interactions. Des modèles ont été développés pour prédire lerisque et adapter les moyens de lutte. Les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’interaction entre les gènes de la plante et lapathogénicité des espèces fongiques commencent à être décryptés. Des méthodes de phénotypage se développent pour aider à lacaractérisation de la sensibilité variétale et des méthodes de lutte directe utilisant des produits de biocontrôle sont endéveloppement. L’objectif de cet article est de synthétiser les principaux résultats acquis dans l’objectif d’une protection intégréevis‐à‐vis de la fusariose des épis des céréales

Women’s dissatisfaction with inappropriate behavior by health care workers during childbirth care in France: A survey study

Background As part of a decades-long process of restructuring primary care, independent (also known as community) healthcare workers are being encouraged to work in groups to facilitate their coordination and continuity of care in France. French independent midwives perform about half of the early prenatal interviews that identify mothers' needs during pregnancy and then refer them to the appropriate resources. The French government, however, structured the COVID-19 pandemic response around public health institutions and did not directly mobilise these community healthcare workers during the lockdown phase. These responses have raised questions about their role within the healthcare system in crises. This survey’s main objectives were to estimate the proportion of independent midwives who experienced new difficulties in referring women to healthcare facilities or other caregivers and in collaborating with hospitals during the first stage of this pandemic. The secondary objective was to estimate the proportion, according to their mode of practice, of independent midwives who considered that all the women under their care had risked harm due to failed or delayed referral to care. Methods We conducted an online national survey addressed to independent midwives in France from 29 April to 15 May 2020, around the end of the first lockdown (17 March–11 May, 2020). Results Of the 5264 registered independent midwives in France, 1491 (28.3%) responded; 64.7% reported new or greater problems during the pandemic in referring women to health facilities or care-providers, social workers in particular, and 71.0% reported new difficulties collaborating with hospitals. Nearly half (46.2%) the respondents considered that all the women in their care had experienced, to varying degrees, a lack of or delay in care that could have affected their health. This proportion did not differ according to the midwives’ form of practice: solo practice, group practice with other midwives only, or group practice with at least two types of healthcare professionals. Conclusions The pandemic has degraded the quality of pregnant women’s care in France and challenged the French model of care, which is highly compartmentalised between an almost exclusively independent primary care (community) sector and a predominantly salaried secondary care (hospital) sector