Effect of Sintering Temperature and AR Glass Addition towards Physical Properties of Porcelain Ceramic for Sewer Pipes Application

The current work is aimed to investigate significant phase changes at certain sintering temperature in manufacturing ceramic pipes for sewer application. The use of porcelain ceramic reinforced with milled Alkali Resistant (AR) fiberglass (3 wt%, 6 wt%, 9 wt% and 12 wt%) was determined in this study. Both of raw materials were turned into powder to conduct thermal analysis and produce a compact sample. The powder was compacted by uniaxial pressing technique to examine the analysis of volume shrinkage. Volume shrinkage was done by measuring the dimension of green body and sintered sample (900°C, 1000°C 1100°C and 1200°C). The image of microstructural morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope. TG graph indicates large amount of mass loss found to be 75% between 450°C to 800°C for porcelain and all mixtures. While DT graph reveals the endothermic shift produce at 250°C. The maximum volume shrinkage was obtained at 1200°C which is 31.7% with 3 wt% AR glass addition. The microstructural image proved the correlation to volume shrinkage. The presence of glassy phase demonstrates the formation of eutectic where shrinking particle takes place to construct dense sample

The Characterization of Silica-Nickel Oxide (SiO2-NiO) Foam with Different NiO Composition and Sintering Temperatures / Syazwani Baharom...[et al.]

The porous Silica-Nickel Oxide (SiO2-NiO) ceramic had been fabricated by polymeric replication method, which produced high porosity with large interconnections. The influences of NiO composition on the morphology and properties of foams, including the compressive strength were studied. Polyurethane (PU) as the template was cut into a cylindrical shape of 12.5mm and 26.0 mm height. The PU template was impregnated in the prepared ceramic slurry which was a mixture of distilled water with Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Silica (SiO2) and Nickel Oxide (NiO). The composition of SiO2 was fixed at 55 wt.% with varied NiO content of 2 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 6 wt.% and 8 wt.%. The impregnated PU template was then dried in the drying oven and later the sintering process at temperatures of 1000ºC, 1100ºC and 1200ºC. The morphology of ceramic foam was analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), while properties of sintered foam were determined by porosity and density test, and compressive test. The window cell size was observed within 200-800 μm with porosity and density results was in the range of 54.48-66.21% and 0.81-1.21 g/cm3, respectively. The compressive strength of ceramic foam obtained was within 0.42-1.16 MPa

Effect of sintering temperature and AR glass addition towards physical properties of porcelain clay for sewer pipes application

The current work is aimed to investigate significant phase changes at certain sintering temperature with addition of Alkali Resistant (AR) glass in manufacturing clay pipes for sewer application. The use of porcelain clay reinforced with milled AR fiberglass (3 wt%, 6 wt%, 9 wt% and 12 wt%) was determined in this study. Both of raw materials were turned into powder to conduct thermal analysis and produce compact samples. The powder was compacted by uniaxial pressing technique to examine the volume shrinkage. Volume shrinkage analysis was done by measuring the dimension of green body and sintered sample (900°C, 1000°C 1100°C and 1200°C). The image of microstructural morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope. Thermogravimetric graph indicates large amount of mass loss found to be 75% between 450°C to 800°C for porcelain and all mixtures. While Differential Thermal graph reveals the endothermic shift was produce at 250°C. The maximum volume shrinkage was obtained at 1200°C which is 31.7% with 3 wt% AR glass addition. The microstructural image proved the correlation to volume shrinkage. The presence of glassy phase demonstrates the phenomenon of fluxing agent melts and bonding with porcelain where shrinking particle takes place to construct dense sample

Physical Properties of Porcelain Ceramic with Influence of Milled Alkali Resistant (AR) Fibreglass for Sewer Pipes Application / Muhammad Ikhmal Hanapi...[et al.]

The aim of the present work is to explore the use of commercial porcelain ceramic with influence of milled Alkali Resistant (AR) fiberglass for sewer pipes application. In this study, AR fiberglass was milled into an average particle size of 90μm and mixed with porcelain in different weight percentages of 3 wt%, 6 wt%, 9 wt%, and 12 wt%. The sample was prepared by using powder compaction and fired for 2 hours at 900°C, 1000°C, 1100°C and 1200°C. The result of apparent porosity and bulk density were recorded for each sample. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to observe the microstructural morphology for some samples. Based on the result, the best sintering temperature was at 1200°C. In which the optimum apparent porosity obtained was 0.30% with addition of 9wt% AR glass. Meanwhile, the best value for density gained was 2.45g/cm3 at 3wt% of AR glass. Reduction of porosity with formation of glassy phase due to the addition of AR glass and elevation of sintering temperature were evident from the microstructural image

Effect of silica (SiO2) filler on thermal stability of polysiloxane composites

Thermal stability of composites are influenced by the types and properties of filler used. In this study Silica (SiO2) namely CS was used to improve the thermal stability of Polysiloxane (PoS) panel. The PoS/CS composites were fabricated by mixing PoS and CS with filler loading of 2wt% to 12 wt%. PoS/CS composites are then cast using close mold technique and cured at room temperature (RT), 65˚C and 100˚C. The CS were characterized for X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique. The thermal stability of PoS/CS composites were identified via Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). It was found that, CS improved the thermal stability of PoS by increased decomposition temperature and decreased relative mass loss percentage. CS as a filler, replaced and reduced the hydroxyl group in the composites panel to significantly improved the thermal stability. Hence, the good thermal stability of CS also helps to improve PoS composites thermal properties. The interference of hydroxyl crosslink during curing was also found to affect the thermal stability. Thus, the high temperature curing (65˚C and 100˚C) were indeed unstable due to disruption of cross link process and thus affect the filler dispersion and cause aggregations. PoS/CS/RT composites were found to show the stable and linear profile of thermal stability compare to PoS/CS/65˚C and PoS/CS/100 ˚C. Thus the thermal stability of polysiloxane had improved by using CS as a filler and cured at RT

Effect of heat treatment on the structural, morphology and electrochemical performance of perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ-Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 carbonate protective coating for SOFC metallic interconnect

A composite perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ-Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 carbonate (BSCF-SDCC) coating was investigated to enhance the performance of SUS 430 stainless steel as interconnect material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). BSCF-SDCC powder was successfully obtained by low-speed wet milling method from commercial BSCF, SDC, and binary carbonates. The developed BSCF-SDCC powder were heat-treated 600 °C for 90 min, and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). FESEM revealed better morphology of BSCF-SDCC powder with heat treatment. However, XRD analysis showed the destruction of BSCF phase in the BSCF-SDCC powder after heat treatment at 600 °C. Moreover, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of BSCF-SDCC powder in an ethanol-added dispersing agent suspension was investigated under 10 volt 10 minutes by 10 g/l. The coated samples were then heat-treated at 600 °C. The coated samples were characterized by comparing between the samples with and without heat treatment based on XRD, SEM-EDS, and area specific resistance (ASR) analyses. XRD analysis indicated BSCF phases disappeared for the samples with heat treatment. The heat-treated sample performed better coating morphology and fewer pores. The samples underwent 500 hours of air oxidation at 600°C, and ASR was measured by DC 2-point method during in situ oxidation process. The coated sample with heat treatment at 600 °C exhibited excellent low area-specific resistance reading of below 0.1 Ωcm2, which is an essential requirement for interconnect materials. After 500 h of oxidation, the XRD patterns revealed stable phase and maintained good coating morphology

Synthesis and electrophoretic deposition of Tin Oxide (SnO2)

Submicron tin oxide (SnO2) was obtained from thermal decomposition of tin oxalate (SnC2O4) precipitated at room temperature from amixture of solutions of tin (II) chloride (SnCl2) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4). Aqueous precipitation of SnC2O4 was firstly investigated by parametersvariation of starting material concentrations, addition methods and mixing times. Upon calcination, SnO2 powder tacky and subsequent grinding was found to cause nanosized SnO2 particles to agglomerate into plates. Aqueous–alcohol precipitation was then developed, based on the previously conducted aqueous precipitationStabilisation of SnO2 suspensions was found to be better in aqueous rather than non–aqueous media, as determined by zeta potential analysis and sedimentation tests. A detailed concept of the effects of zeta potential and sedimentation (enhanced sedimentation region (ESR)) on colloidal processing, i.e., suspension stability, was introduced.Two systems, Sn–Al–O and Sn–Si–O, were investigated at their invariant temperatures and ternary phase diagrams, which haven’t been reported elsewhere, were constructed (at nine isothermal temperatures each). The binary diagram for the system SnO2–SiO2, which has not been reported in the literature, was constructed. The systems compatibilities were confirmed experimentally at 1000oC, with incidental finding of micron–sized fibres of single crystal SnO2 with preferential [110] growth direction obtained. It was also deduced that 1000oC can be used for SnO2 coatings sintering without undesired reaction or mutual solubility.Successful electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of commercial SnO2 powder on dense sapphire was obtained by the use of pH 2 SnO2 suspension, but not with pH 9 suspensions leading to a review of the basis for EPD requirements in terms of suspension properties. Thus, another conceptual approach to EPD processing and setup was proposed in terms of zeta potential, suspension stability and net particle charge. Obtained homogeneous deposition of commercial SnO2 powders contradicted the findings of published works of EPD on insulating dense substrates. Thus critical factors in the design of EPD processing on dense insulating substrates and associated mechanisms responsible for the deposition were developed.However, EPD of synthesised SnO2 powders yielded inhomogeneous coatings, even with voltage application of up to 30 V. Microcell effects, which were deduced based on localised particle leaching in the suspension, were proposed. Although deposition was relatively unsuccessful, this demonstrated possibility of aqueous EPD with the usage of high voltages without occurrence of water electrolysis which hasn’t been observed in literature

Short review: ceramic foam fabrication techniques for wastewater treatment application

Ceramic foam is a class of highly porous materials that are used for wide range of technological applications, specifically as absorbents and membrane for wastewater treatment process. Among the potential materials include silicon carbide (SiC), alumina (Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), titania (TiO2), and silica (SiO2). The review clarifies on the broad types of ceramic foam, and the common techniques of foam fabrication, such as polymeric sponge method, starch consolidation, direct foaming, and gel-casting of foam. The parameters of each fabrication techniques will be discussed crucial based on the new research findings in the field of ceramic foam

Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan/Silicon Dioxide (PVA/CS/Sio2) Beads For Removal Of Chromium (VI) Ions / Rizamarhaiza Muda...[et al.]

Chromium pollution has become a global issue and many techniques have been developed for the removal of Chromium (Cr) VI ions from wastewater. In this study, blended polymer absorbent beads which was polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/silicon dioxide (PVA/CS/SiO2) beads were prepared by a dropwise method by crosslinking of sodium hydroxide, ethanol and glutaraldehyde in aqueous solution. The varied concentration of CS from 0.5 to 2.5g and concentration of SiO2 from 0 to 1.0g. All of the samples of crosslinked PVA/CS/SiO2 beads were put under UV irradiation for two hours in Cr(VI) solution. Analyses performed on the beads were by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Moreover, in the pH value for each sample before and after the absorption test also has been measured. Beads morphology images showed that all of the samples of PVA/CS/SiO2 beads revealed macro and micro pores on the surface of beads before the Cr(VI) absorption and the pore size increased with the increment of CS and SiO2 concentration. The surface of beads that became smooth after Cr(VI) absorption, indicated that the pores on the surface were filled up with Cr. This is further supported by the EDX analysis which evidently shows Cr peaks. The results of pH value of Cr after the absorption test showed that lowest pH value of 5.81 and highest pH value of 6.08. The absorption of Cr(VI) in the PVA/CS/SiO2 beads was found to be in the range of 90% and above , as analyzed by the AAS technique. Thus it can be concluded that the use of PVA/CS/SiO2 beads is indeed significant for eliminating Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater