Leader-Member Exchange Quality and employee work behaviours: Mediating Role of Interactional Justice

The study aims to examine the mediating role of interactional justice between LMX quality and employee’s in-role behaviour and citizenship behaviour. Adam’s equity theory and social exchange theory are employed o explain the theoretical framework. Proposed mediation model is tested using time lagged data of 308 responses from service sector of Pakistan. To examine validity of the measures, confirmatory factor analysis has been done. The measurement model produced better indices for five factors. Structure equation modelling technique has been used to test mediation model. Results supported the hypothesis of mediation. Finally managerial implications and future research directions have been discussed. Keywords: LMX quality, Interactional Justice, Organization citizenship behaviour (OCB), In-role behavior (IRB)

Effect of Varying Concentrations of Auxin (2,4-D) on In vitro Callus Initiation Using Leaf of Artemisia annua (L)

Study was carried out to determine the effect of varying concentrations of auxin on callus initiation using the leaves Artemisia annua as explants which were sterilized and inoculated into Murashig and Skoog basal medium supplemented with varying concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and incubated in the growth chamber for 4 weeks at 27ºc. Best results were obtained with 1.0 μm/l and 1.5 μm/l concentrations. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant difference among all the treatments (P<0.05) on the parameters studied compared with the control. Consequently, 1.0 μm/l and 1.5 μm/l concentrations of 2,4-D are ideal for callus initiation in A. annua. This provides the means to mass propagation of A. annua through callus initiation and subsequent provision of raw materials required for artemisinin extraction.Keywords: Artemisia annua, Callus, Auxin, In vitro, 2,4- Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D

Psychological Impact of Mixed-use Housing Commercial Activities for Residential Area: in the Case of District 11 Kabul City

The urban population is increasing rapidly in most developing countries. Kabul as the capital and largest city of Afghanistan has been facing undesired urban issues due to its rapid population growth. According to the master plan of 1968, Kabul city was designed for two million people, but after the evolution of 2001, the city encountered to unexpected rising in population which reached almost five million, living in this city. For this reason, most of the low-rise residential houses are transferring to commercial and residential mixed-use housing. These housings are facing a lack of privacy and a good correlation between commercial and residential spaces. Therefore, as a significant matter, this paper studies the correlation of commercial with residential space, in the quest to determine which activities are suitable to be allocated in this type of housing and which activities are inappropriate based on cultural and regional fit. Additionally, a list of activities based on their suitability is classified in this paper which helps to segregate unsuitable activities accordingly. This study draws insights from primary data collection using questionnaires for Post Occupancy Evaluation, semi-structured interviews, and fieldwork observations in the mixed-use housing apartments and from the analysis of secondary data such as government documents

Fat embolism syndrome: a case series and review of literature

Fat embolism and fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a clinical spectrum characterized by dissemination of fat emboli into the systematic circulation usually as a result of orthopedic trauma and related surgical procedures. we present a case series of three patients who had FES of variable presentation and severity. In our first case patient initially developed FES pre operatively which was complicated by acute pulmonary thromboembolism in the post operative period. In our third case patient developed FES after intra medullary nail fixation of femoral shaft fracture. Fat embolism is relatively rare but fatal complication in orthopedic trauma and during long bone fracture manipulations. In addition, fat embolism is a risk factor for pulmonary thromboembolism as was evident in our first case. So, patients of fat embolism should be closely monitored for the later. Gurd and Wilson are the most commonly used criteria for the diagnosis of FES. Treatment is largely supportive and some preventive measures include early fixation of long bone fractures. Prophylactic use of steroids in a meta-analysis has been found to prevent occurrence of FES in nearly two third of patients. There is no proven role of hypertonic dextrose infusion, heparin or corticosteroids in the treatment of FES and therefore are not routinely recommended. In case of fulminant FES steroids should be considered

Craniocerebral injuries in war against terrorism --- A contemporary series from Pakistan

Objective: Terrorism-related bomb attacks on civilian population have increased dramatically over the last decade. Craniocerebral injuries secondary to improvised explosive devices have not been widely reported in the context of unarmored civilians. This series intends to report the spectrum of these injuries secondary to suicidal and implanted bombs as encountered at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan (AKUH). Further, a few pertinent management guidelines have also been discussed.Methods: The hospital database and clinical coding during a 5-year period were examined for head injuries secondary to terrorism-associated blasts. In addition to patient demographics, data analysis for our series included initial Glasgow Coma Scale, presenting neurological complaints, associated non-neurological injuries, management (conservative or operative) to associated complications, and discharge neurological status.Results: A total of 16 patients were included in this series. Among them 9 were victims of suicidal blasts while 7 were exposed to implanted devices. The patients presented with diverse patterns of injury secondary to a variety of shrapnel. A follow-up record was available for 12 of the 16 patients (mean follow-up: 7.8 months), with most patients having no active complaints.Conclusion: The results of this series show that civilian victims of suicidal and improvised bombings present with a wide range of neurological symptoms and injury patterns, which often differ from the neurological injuries incurred by military personnel in similar situations, and thereby often require individualized care

Identification and investigation of halite in suspended particulate matter by X-ray diffraction & scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrum in the environment of an industrial city Faisalabad (Pakistan)

Air pollution has numerous distinct and hazardous influences upon living organisms. Faisalabad one of the most polluted and big industrial city with huge air quality problems. The lack of enough knowledge with poor characterization of suspended particulate matter (SPM) showed the inorganic clay minerals present in the atmosphere of Faisalabad city. The characterization of soil compounds and elements were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) technique. The XRD analysis was carried out using Hanawalt method of phase identification. The sources of quartz, calcite, gypsum, clinoclore, talc, halite, albite and illite are showing local and remote. Morphology were observed in three micrographs obtained by SEM found particle size 10µm and the composition (% age) of various elements measured by EDS. It has been observed the analysis of silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) are present in the atmosphere of Faisalabad. Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and chloride (Cl) are present in little amount showed the presence of halite in the SPM samples