FIKSASI TULANG DENGAN ALAT BERBAHAN DASAR POLIMER (Uji Biokompatibilitas)

Bone fracture fixation device have been using rigid metallic materials such as titanium, titanium-alloy or cobalt chrome. Besides having some advantages, as the titanium fixation devices also have disadvantages. It is challenge to develop the use of polymeric materials have good biocompatibility and mechanical strength appropriate to have a bone fracture fixation devices that can be absorbed by the body, such as Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA). The purpose of this study is to know whether the PVA-HA composite with catgut reinforced has good biocompatibility without toxicity and hypersensitivity effects in experimental animals. Biocompatibility testing include local cytotoxicity and type IV contact hypersensitivity test using wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Testing is done through two phases, induction or sensitization phase is by rubbing PVA-HA composite with catgut reinforced ointment puder on the ears. Local toxicity testing is done by implantation of PVA-HA composite with catgut reinforced on the back catgut wistar rats. The results showed no discoloration or induration on animal ears in all treatment and control groups on the sensitization and the elicitation phase. There were no significant differences of the thickness of the wistar rats ears from all treatment groups before and after treatment on measures 24, 48 and 72 hours (ρ >0.05). Microscopic examination showed no infiltration of acute inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, basophils or eusinofil and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration such as macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. It can be concluded that the PVA-HA (60:40)composite with catgut reinforced is a material that does not cause toxicity and hypersensitivity in experimental animals, thus potentially be used as bone fractures fixation material

EFEKTIVITAS MINYAK CENGKEH DAN PULPERYL® DALAM MENGHAMBAT AKUMULASI BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans SECARA IN VITRO

 One of the complications that can occur after tooth extraction is dry socket. Bacterial infection is one among the various causes of dry socket where Streptococcus mutans become one of the bacteria that have a role as a cause. Eugenol is the main active substancethat owned by clove oil with eugenol as antibacterial properties. The research pyupose was to determine the effectiveness of clove oil in inhibiting the accumulation of Streptococcus mutans bacteria in the dry socket. The research method used to see the inhibition of clove oil 5% also the negative control of ethanol to Streptococcus mutans bacteria in the form of clear zone using a vernier caliper. The research result shows that the clove oil 5% effective in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans, with the average inhibition zone of clove oil 5% was 15 mm. Statistical test result showed significant results (ANOVA test = 0.001 with ρ <0.05). The conclusion that can be obtained from this study was clove oil 5%may inhibit the accumulation of Streptococcus mutans bacteria in the dry socket

THE EFFECT OF GARLIC EXTRACT GEL (Allium sativum L.) TO MACROPHAGE CELL NUMBER OF GUINEA PIG (Cavia porcellus) GINGIVAL INCISION WOUND HEALING : PENGARUH GEL EKSTRAK BAWANG PUTIH (Allium Sativum L.) TERHADAP JUMLAH SEL MAKROFAG PADA PENYEMBUHAN LUKA INSISI GINGIVA MARMUT (Cavia Porcellus)

Introduction: Surgical with an incision or tissue incision process can causes injury or tissue damage to the oral cavity, especially the gingiva. Wound healing can last a long time, this condition can increase the potential for complications such as infections and less blood supply. Garlic contains several active substances including flavonoids, tannins, phenols and alkaloids and organosulfur compounds namely allicin. The content is believed to stimulate macrophage cells and help the work of macrophages in cleaning the wound area, so that it accelerates into the phase of proliferation and wound healing. Materials and method: The research method is using experimental laboratory research with post-test design group. Results: The results showed that the average number of macrophage cells in the control group CMC-Na 2% 97,50 cells, mean group of 40% garlic extract gel was 58,83 cells, mean group of 50% garlic extract gel was 18,00 cells, mean 60% garlic extract gel group was 7,83 cells. Discussion: The results of statistical tests show that there are significant differences (ρ <0,05) in the four study groups. Conclussion: Garlic extract gel in concentration of 60% was more effective in reducing the number of macrophage cells in guinea pig gingival incision because the percentage of active content

Sub-Acute Toxicity and Allergy Studies of Bidara Leaf (Ziziphus Mauritiana) Extract as A Wound Healing Material

Background: In dentistry, the wound healing process is often encountered in tooth extractions, incisions, oral and facial surgery, gingival flaps and biopsies. Post-tooth extraction wound is a medium that allows pathogenic microbes to breed and infect the wound. Wound management must be carried out as soon as possible to restore mucosal integrity so as to prevent bacterial infections penetrates the body. Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana) is one of the plants used as traditional medicine by the community. Research on this plant as a medicinal raw material is increasing, so further research needs to be carried out to prove the safety of this medicinal plant. This study aims to determine the effects of sub-acute toxicity and allergic reactions caused after administering bidara leaf extract on the liver histopathology of mice. Methods: In vivo laboratory experimental study using a post-test only control group design with 24 mice (Mus musculus). The research sample consisted of 4 groups, namely the control group given 0.3% Na-CMC, the treatment group given bidara leaf extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW, 600 mg/kg BW, and 700 mg/kg BW. The treatment extract was given orally for 28 days. Results: The results of the study showed that the dose of bidara leaf extract had an effect on the liver histopathology of mice, namely at doses of 600 mg/kg BW and 700 mg/kg BW it had a toxic effect that was visible from changes in liver cell structure. Allergy tests showed that bidara leaf extract did not cause allergic reactions in mice. Conclusion: It can be concluded that bidara leaf extract (Ziziphus mauritiana) does not cause allergies and at certain doses does not have toxicity in the liver of animals study

PENGEMBANGAN KOMPOSIT POLIVINIL ALKOHOL (PVA)�HIDROKSIAPATIT BOVINE DENGAN PENGUAT CATGUT DAN GLUTARALDEHID SEBAGAI CROSSLINKER UNTUK MATERIAL FIKSASI PATAH TULANG RAHANG

The use of bone fracture fixation devices has become routine procedure by using a rigid material such as titanium. The strength and stiffness of the material are too high causes atrophy of the underlying bone. Some other disadvantages led to the need for secondary surgery to remove the device. Biodegradable bone fracture fixation material developed to overcome the disadvantages of metal fixation and avoid secondary operations. Use of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) increases in several biomedical applications that do not require high mechanical strength. In this study, catgut that has been used for absorbable suturing wounds has woven to act as a reinforcement. Bovine hydroxyapatite (HA) was used as filler material has a bioactive and osteoconductive materials and has a good biocompatibility. To improve the mechanical strength was also used glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker to the PVA. The aim of the study was to determine whether the catgut reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)�bovine HA composites and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker having adequate and stable mechanical strength of bone fracture fixation material and has good biocompatibility without toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions in experimental animals after biodegradation tests for 30 and 60 days. Methods of research were obtained by the tensile and bending specimen tests with any concentrations. In vitro biodegradation test was performed by immersing the specimens in PBS solution of pH 7.4 at the 37 oC for 30 and 60 days. Specimen weight, tensile and bending strength, characterization included FT-IR and SEM studies were performed before and after immersion. Finally, in vivo biocompatibility tests, including type IV contact hypersensitivity and local toxicity tests were performed. The results showed there was a slight decrease of the specimen mass weight mean in all groups due to polymer PVA dissolved. Mechanical tests showed the catgut reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)� bovine HA (60:40) weight fraction composites and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker had the highest mechanical strength mean, were 43.06±0.18 MPa in the tensile strength and 46.04±2.57 MPa in the bending strength before immersion. There were a decreased in the tensile strength and the bending strength after immersion for 60 days. The mechanical strength had still above the masticatory muscle strength which can lead to tensile and bending forces to mandibular bone fractures, about to 25 MPa. The results showed that the catgut reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)�bovine HA (60:40) weight fraction composites and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker had adequate and stable mechanical strength as the bone fracture fixation material after biodegradation test for 30 and 60 days. The FT-IR characterization study showed functional groups increases of composites. SEM study showed the morphological changes of the catgut reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)�bovine HA (60:40) weight fraction composites and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. FT-IR and SEM studies showed the biodegradation process with polymer PVA dissolved after immersion for 30 and 60 days. The biocompatibility tests showed that the material had not caused hypersensitivity and toxicity reactions in experimental animals. It can be concluded that the composites can be developed for biodegradable bone fracture fixation material as titanium substituted