An Optimal Gate Design for the Synthesis of Ternary Logic Circuits

Department of Electrical EngineeringOver the last few decades, CMOS-based digital circuits have been steadily developed. However, because of the power density limits, device scaling may soon come to an end, and new approaches for circuit designs are required. Multi-valued logic (MVL) is one of the new approaches, which increases the radix for computation to lower the complexity of the circuit. For the MVL implementation, ternary logic circuit designs have been proposed previously, though they could not show advantages over binary logic, because of unoptimized synthesis techniques. In this thesis, we propose a methodology to design ternary gates by modeling pull-up and pull-down operations of the gates. Our proposed methodology makes it possible to synthesize ternary gates with a minimum number of transistors. From HSPICE simulation results, our ternary designs show significant power-delay product reductions; 49 % in the ternary full adder and 62 % in the ternary multiplier compared to the existing methodology. We have also compared the number of transistors in CMOS-based binary logic circuits and ternary device-based logic circuits We propose a methodology for using ternary values effectively in sequential logic. Proposed ternary D flip-flop is designed to normally operate in four-edges of a ternary clock signal. A quad-edge-triggered ternary D flip-flop (QETDFF) is designed with static gates using CNTFET. From HSPICE simulation results, we have confirmed that power-delay-product (PDP) of QETDFF is reduced by 82.31 % compared to state of the art ternary D flip-flop. We synthesize a ternary serial adder using QETDFF. PDP of the proposed ternary serial adder is reduced by 98.23 % compared to state of the art design.ope

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Department of Electrical EngineeringFor the last decade, many modern replacement policies for last-level cache (LLC) adopted Static Re-reference Interval Prediction (SRRIP) as their base algorithm. In the LLC, SRRIP outperforms other traditional replacement policies like Least-Recently Used (LRU). SRRIP works with a few bits of counter, called Re-Reference Prediction Value (RRPV), but we find that RRPV can be implemented with a binary tree. In this thesis, we propose a new cache replacement policy, Pseudo Re-Reference Interval Prediction (PRRIP). Our proposed PRRIP mimics SRRIP, so PRRIP outperforms other replacement policies such as LRU. Moreover, we find that PRRIP becomes more resistant to non-temporal data access pattern than SRRIP by using binary tree. In terms of overhead, we halve the hardware cost to implement PRRIP compared to SRRIP. Our experimental results show that PRRIP achieves 1.26% speedup over LRU while SRRIP gets 0.53% speedup over LRU for single-core workloads. For multi-core workloads, our experimental results show that the performance difference between PRRIP and SRRIP is less than 0.3%.clos

Pediatric Korean Triage and Acuity Scale

Symptoms and signs of childhood disease are different according to age. Initial assessment process in emergency department should consider a broad presentation of illness and injuries of pediatric patients. In 2012, the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine developed the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS) by expert consultation including a survey to emergency physicians, nurses, and emergency medical technicians based on the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale. KTAS research group performed the analysis of distribution of pediatric populations by KTAS classification in 8 hospitals and showed the correlation with the disposition results with KTAS scores in 2014. KTAS could improve the patient safety by the real-time scoring of severity in pediatric patients. KTAS would generate important data for distributing patients to the less crowded emergency departments in near future

SCOB: Universal Text Understanding via Character-wise Supervised Contrastive Learning with Online Text Rendering for Bridging Domain Gap

Inspired by the great success of language model (LM)-based pre-training, recent studies in visual document understanding have explored LM-based pre-training methods for modeling text within document images. Among them, pre-training that reads all text from an image has shown promise, but often exhibits instability and even fails when applied to broader domains, such as those involving both visual documents and scene text images. This is a substantial limitation for real-world scenarios, where the processing of text image inputs in diverse domains is essential. In this paper, we investigate effective pre-training tasks in the broader domains and also propose a novel pre-training method called SCOB that leverages character-wise supervised contrastive learning with online text rendering to effectively pre-train document and scene text domains by bridging the domain gap. Moreover, SCOB enables weakly supervised learning, significantly reducing annotation costs. Extensive benchmarks demonstrate that SCOB generally improves vanilla pre-training methods and achieves comparable performance to state-of-the-art methods. Our findings suggest that SCOB can be served generally and effectively for read-type pre-training methods. The code will be available at https://github.com/naver-ai/scob.Comment: ICCV 202

A Study on Seed Damage in Plating Electrolyte and Its Repairing in Cu Damascene Metallization

In this study, we observed the changes in the film properties of a Cu seed layer with its damage and repair. The immersion of the Cu seed layer in a sulfuric-acid-based plating electrolyte can result in damage to the Cu seed layer by the dissolution of the native Cu oxide and corrosion of Cu, leading to defects in the subsequent electrodeposited layer. The damaged seed layer was repaired using electroless plating. Cu re-covered the surface and the crystal structure of the seed layer was rebuilt and, finally, the filling characteristic was improved into superfilling in Cu electroplating for the damascene process. Electroless repairing, however, increased the seed roughness due to the low nucleation on the exposed barrier surface and the accompanying three-dimensional Cu growth. To refine the repairing process by inducing the nucleation on the barrier surface, Sn–Pd activation was adopted before the repair, and it reduced the surface roughness and improved the continuity of the seed layer effectively.This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) through the Research Center for Energy Conversion and Storage (RCECS) and through the Nano R&D program funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2009-0083223). It was also supported by a grant from the Fundamental R&D Program for Core Technology of Materials funded by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Xibe Language Revitalization and Documentation Project

1 page posterXibe (also Romanized as Sibo, Xibo, and Sibe) is a Manchu-Tungus language spoken by approximately 40,000 individuals in Northwestern China (Xinjiang Uygur [Uighur] Autonomous Region), and is one of the 56 recognized ethnic minorities in China. Xibe of Xinjiang is the only currently viable member of the Southwestern branch of the Tungusic language family, and is closely related to the nearly extinct Manchu language. The Tungusic languages are completely unrelated to the modern majority language, Chinese. Xibe possesses a rich literature employing a slightly revised version of the Manchu script, as represented in the title bar of this poster. The current collaborative project involves morphological and syntactic analysis leading to a linguistic grammar, a dictionary, and a collection of indigenous Xibe stories in support of indigenous Xibe language description and documentation goals. The products of this research will contribute to the continued use and vitality of the Xibe language and culture