Effect of sowing date on winter wheat yields in Poland

The aim of this study was to evaluate the timeliness of winter wheat sowing on results obtained in practical production. The research material comprises results of farm surveys conducted in years 1986-2003 and 2008-2013. Yields obtained by sowing earlier than the date adopted as the optimum did not cause reduction in yields and in many cases were higher than those obtained by sowing in the optimal dates. Delayed sowings were a risk factor reducing yields significantly. After taking into account differences in technology the average yields, on fields sown after optimum sowing date were significantly lower in both analyzed periods, respectively 4,5% and 2,5%. The relatively high yields were obtained from some very late sown fields. It proves that use of appropriate agricultural technology and good forecrops allows to limit the decrease in yield due to late time of sowing

Antimicrobial properties of selected copper alloys on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in different simulations of environmental conditions : with vs. without organic contamination

Background: Hospital equipment made from copper alloys can play an important role in complementing traditional methods of disinfection. Aims of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of the antimicrobial properties of selected copper alloys in different simulations of environmental conditions (with organic contamination vs. without organic contamination), and to test alternatives to the currently used testing methods. Materials and Methods: A modification of Japanese standard JIS Z 2801 as well as Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Escherichia coli (EC) suspended in NaCl vs. tryptic soy broth (TSB) were used in tests performed on seven commonly used copper alloys, copper, and stainless steel. Results: A much faster reduction of the bacterial suspension was observed for the inoculum prepared in NaCl than in TSB. A faster reduction for EC than for SA was observed in the inoculum prepared in NaCl. The opposite results were found for the inoculum based on TSB. A significant correlation between the copper concentration in the copper alloys and the time and degree of bacterial suspension reduction was only observed in the case of EC. Conclusions: This study confirmed the antimicrobial properties of copper alloys, and additionally showed that Staphylococcus aureus was more resistant than Escherichia coli in the variant of the experiment without organic contamination. However, even for SA, a total reduction of the bacterial inoculum’s density took no longer than 2 h. Under conditions simulating organic contamination, all of the tested alloys were shown to have bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties, which was contrary to the results from stainless steel

The use of certified seed and the yield of winter cereals

Materiał źródłowy stanowiły wyniki badań ankietowych, prowadzonych w latach 2008–2011. Ankietowano corocznie około 500 gospodarstw. Dane zebrano łącznie z 4760 pól o łącznej powierzchni 25,4 tys. hektarów. Porównywano efekty uprawy zbóż ozimych w zależności od rodzaju użytego materiału siewnego. Istotność różnic między plonami, w zależności od użytych nasion kwalifikowanych bądź niekwalifikowanych, oceniono za pomocą testu Fishera. Wykazano istotny wzrost plonowania na polach gdzie stosowano kwalifikowany materiał siewny. Wzrost plonów, w zależności od gatunku, mieścił się w przedziale od 12% (pszenżyto) do 23% (żyto) a w jednostkach bezwzględnych od 4,89 dt.ha-1 (pszenżyto) do 7,59 dt·ha-1 (pszenica).The source material were the results of surveys carried out in 2008–2011. Every year about 500 farms were surveyed. Data were collected from 4760 fields with a total area 25.4 thousands hectares. The differences in yield depending on used seeds were compared. The significance of differences between yields, depending on used seeds, (certified or uncertified) was assessed using Fisher’s test. A significant increase of yield in fields where certified seed were used has been proven. The increase in yields, depending on the species, ranged from 12% for triticale to 23% for rye and in absolute units ranged from 4.89 dt·ha-1 for triticale to 7.59 dt·ha-1 for wheat

Factors determining yield level of winter wheat in commercial production. Part I. Changes in years 1986–2010

Na podstawie wyników badań ankietowych gospodarstw, przedstawiono zmiany plonowania pszenicy ozimej w warunkach produkcji towarowej. Przedstawiono główne czynniki wpływające na wielkość uzyskiwanych plonów. Chemiczna ochrona przed chorobami, nawożenie azotowe i jakość gleby przeznaczanej pod uprawę to główne czynniki agrotechniczne decydujące o plonie pszenicy ozimej. Postęp biologiczny, czyli nowe odmiany i kwalifikowany materiał siewny, również należą do głównych czynników wzrostu plonowania. Wykorzystanie potencjału plonowania było lepsze niż średnia dla kraju, ale wciąż niezadowalające. Następuje stały wzrost nawożenia i intensywności ochrony chemicznej a rosnący udział pszenicy ozimej w powierzchni zasiewów sprawia, że jest ona coraz częściej uprawiana także na gorszych stanowiskach wcześniej przeznaczonych pod uprawę żyta.Based on the results of surveys of farms, changes of winter wheat yielding in the conditions of commercial production were shown. The main factors affecting the size of obtained yields are presented. Chemical protection against diseases, nitrogen fertilization and soil quality allocated under cultivation are the main agronomic technology factors determining the yield of winter wheat. Biological progress, namely new varieties and certified seed are also among the main factors of yield increase. Realizing the potential of yield was better than national average, but still was unsatisfactory. There is a steady increase of fertilization and chemical protection intensity and growing share of winter wheat sown area makes it is also cultivated on worse stands previously used to rye cultivation

ZNACZENIE POSTĘPU HODOWLANEGO W PRODUKCJI PSZENICY OZIMEJ

The impact of breeding on winter wheat yields and the use of the generated yield potential in production were assessed. The results of trials of Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) from 1966-2022, data from the Seed Inspection (IN) from 1986-2001 and Plant Health And Seed Inspection (PIORiN) from 2002-2023 regarding the varietal structure of seed production of winter wheat and production data on wheat yield in production were used according to Statistics Poland. To assess the effects of breeding, the method of changing the yield potential of varieties was used. In this method, we use indexes determining the yield-producing capacity of individual varieties in relation to the standard. Changes in yield trends in variety experiments and production were analyzed. The growing importance of the variety as a factor enabling further increase in yield and the effect of breeding on the increase in yield potential has been demonstrated despite limitations in the use of nitrogen fertilization and chemical plant protection products. The existing yield gap between trials and production, amounting to approximately 55%, indicates great opportunities to further increase yields in production through better use of the yield potential of varieties created by breeding

Factors determining yield level of winter wheat in commercial production. Part II. Differentiation depending on region and farm size

Na podstawie wyników badań ankietowych gospodarstw, przedstawiono zmiany plonowania pszenicy ozimej w warunkach produkcji towarowej. Przedstawiono główne czynniki wpływające na wielkość uzyskiwanych plonów. Chemiczna ochrona przed chorobami, nawożenie azotowe i jakość gleby przeznaczanej pod uprawę to główne czynniki agrotechniczne decydujące o plonie pszenicy ozimej. Przedstawiono także czynniki decydujące o praktycznym wykorzystaniu postępu biologicznego oraz różnice między regionami.Based on the results of surveys of farms, changes of winter wheat yielding in the conditions of commercial production were shown. The main factors affecting the size of obtained yields are presented. Chemical protection against diseases, nitrogen fertilization and soil quality allocated under cultivation are the main agronomic technology factors determining the yield of winter wheat. The factors that determine the practical use of biological progress and the differences between regions are also presented

ZNACZENIE POSTĘPU HODOWLANEGO W PRODUKCJI PSZENICY OZIMEJ

The impact of breeding on winter wheat yields and the use of the generated yield potential in production were assessed. The results of trials of Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) from 1966-2022, data from the Seed Inspection (IN) from 1986-2001 and Plant Health And Seed Inspection (PIORiN) from 2002-2023 regarding the varietal structure of seed production of winter wheat and production data on wheat yield in production were used according to Statistics Poland. To assess the effects of breeding, the method of changing the yield potential of varieties was used. In this method, we use indexes determining the yield-producing capacity of individual varieties in relation to the standard. Changes in yield trends in variety experiments and production were analyzed. The growing importance of the variety as a factor enabling further increase in yield and the effect of breeding on the increase in yield potential has been demonstrated despite limitations in the use of nitrogen fertilization and chemical plant protection products. The existing yield gap between trials and production, amounting to approximately 55%, indicates great opportunities to further increase yields in production through better use of the yield potential of varieties created by breeding

The condition and perspectives of seed production of grain legumes in Poland

Na podstawie danych o produkcji ziarna i trendów w produkcji nasiennej analizowano stan i perspektywy rynku nasiennego roślin bobowatych grubonasiennych. Przeprowadzono analizę zmian powierzchni upraw, wielkości produkcji w wieloleciu 1990‒2019 i oceniono możliwości wzrostu produkcji nasion.Określono udział kwalifikowanego materiału siewnego (KMS) stosowanego w produkcji bobowatych i wielkość zapotrzebowania na materiał siewny w zależności od rozwoju produkcji paszowej wykorzystującej nasiona tych roślin. Uwzględniając ceny materiału siewnego oceniono rzeczywistą oraz potencjalną wartość rynku nasiennego. Oceniono możliwości dalszego rozwoju produkcji nasiennej bobowatych grubonasiennych w zależności od zmieniającego się zapotrzebowania na nasiona roślin bobowatych.Based on production data and trends in seed production, the state and prospects of the seed market of grain legumes were analyzed. Changes in the cultivated area and production volume of these plants over the years 1990‒2019 were analyzed, together with an assessment of the potential for their seed production growth.The share of certified seed (CS) used in the production of grain legumes and the demand for seeds in relation to the development of the domestic production of fodder plant protein were determined. Taking into account the prices of seeds, the actual and potential value of the seed market was assessed. The possibilities of further development of grain legume seed production were estimated depending on the changing demand for domestic legume seeds

Influence of breeding on the yielding potential of grain legumes

Oceniono wpływ hodowli na plonowanie roślin bobowatych i wykorzystanie istniejącego potencjału w praktyce. Analizy oparto na Wynikach Porejestrowych Doświadczeń Odmianowych roślin bobowatych prowadzonych w latach 2005‒2020 oraz danych statystycznych dotyczących plonowania w warunkach produkcyjnych (GUS 2005‒2020). Badano zmiany liczebności odmian rejestrowanych w Krajowym Rejestrze, plonów oraz potencjałów plonowania nasion i białka poszczególnych gatunków. Plony poszczególnych gatunków nie zmieniały się znacząco, a w przypadku łubinów w ostatnich latach można stwierdzić spadek plonów. W przypadku soi sytuacja jest odwrotna i obserwuje się wzrost jej plonowania. Po wyeliminowaniu wpływu czynników środowiskowych stwierdzono niewielkie, ale istotne wzrosty plonów nasion i białka odmian soi, grochu, bobiku i łubinów. Średni roczny przyrost plonów mieścił się w przedziale od 6,6 kg nasion na hektar dla łubinu żółtego do 40,2 kg dla soi. Analogiczne wartości wzrostu plonów białka mieściły się w przedziale od 2,7 kg dla łubinu wąskolistnego do 12,7 kg dla soi. Wykorzystanie istniejącego potencjału plonowania roślin bobowatych w praktyce jest lepsze niż potencjału plonowania zbóż, jednak jest to za mało dla utrzymania, a tym bardziej poprawienia ich konkurencyjności.The impact of breeding on grain legume yielding and utilization of the existing potential in practice were assessed. The analyses made use of the results of the Post-Registretion Variety Testing experiments of grain legumes carried out in 2005‒2020 and statistical data on yielding under production conditions (GUS, 2005‒2020). Changes in the number of varieties entered in the National Register, as well as in the yield and yield potential of seeds and proteins of individual species were studied. Yields of individual species have not changed significantly, and in the case of lupins a decrease in yields has been observed in recent years. Only soybean yields have increased in recent years. After eliminating the influence of weather factors, small but significant increases in seed and protein yields of soybean, peas, field bean and lupins were found. The average annual yield increase ranged from 6.6 kg of seeds per hectare for yellow lupin to 40.2 kg for soybean. Analogous values of protein yield increment ranged from 2.7 kg for narrow-leaved lupin to 12.7 kg for soybean. The use of the existing yield potential of grain legumes in practice is better than that of cereals, however, it is not sufficient to maintain, or improve their competitiveness

Rye production and breeding in Poland.

Rye (Secale cereale L.) originates from Asia Minor, where it has been grown for food and feed since the time of Roman Empire. In the 5th century B.C. rye was brought to Poland. Comparativelylow environmental requirements, high uptake potential of macro- and micronutritients from a poor soil, tolerance to acid pH, low temperatures and frost resistance contributed to widespread cultivation of rye in Poland since ever. Over the centuries rye has become a staple crop in the country. In XVI and XVII centuries , in addition to human and animal feeding rye was extensively produced for export. Before the Second World War rye constituted 60% of grain production of all small grain cereal species in Poland. Rye made bread was at high demand and constituted 85% of all consummed one. Up to present rye is used for human consumption, animal feeding and alcohol production.In 1950s rye was grown on 5 mln ha and constituted 53% of all cereal grown in the country. Since that time the acreage of rye grown in Poland has been dropping steadily down. It is antici pated that when Poland will join the European Union the rye acreage will drop further down to 1.6-1.3 mln ha and remaining land will be forested or laid fallow. Rye improvement by breeding in Poland has a long tradition. So far, over 80 cultivars were under production. Cultivars with an epithet 'Dañkowskie' are known for about a century. Up to 1995 solely population rye cultivars in Poland was released. Poznañ Plant Breeding Co. Ltd., Danko Plant Breeding Co. Ltd and IHAR/Smolice Plant Breeding Co. Ltd. arre the main breediders and competitors over the last half of a century. In 2000 twenty one rye cultivars were officiallyregistrated in poland. The first hybrid rye cultivar was registrated in Poland by german breeders in 1995 under the name Marder. Afterwards, other hybrid cultivars have been appearing on Polish market - Esprit (1996), Nawid (1998), Luco (1999), Klawo and Ursus (2000)