Introduction. L’Amérique du Nord à l’époque de la Révolution française

Ce numéro spécial des Annales historiques de la Révolution française est consacré à « L’Amérique du Nord à l’époque de la Révolution française ». Il a été conçu par le comité de rédaction de la revue comme étant le premier volet d’un diptyque, le second, à paraître également en 2011, portant sur l’Amérique latine durant la même période. Si les territoires dont sont issus les États-Unis d’Amérique entre 1775 et 1783 sont nécessairement à l’épicentre du présent volume, nous avons choisi de priv..

L’idée du « complot » dans l’œuvre de Georges Lefebvre : une remise en cause à partir d’une nouvelle source

Pour Georges Lefebvre, l’idée du « complot aristocratique » était sans aucun doute un élément central dans l’analyse du phénomène révolutionnaire. Ce thème semble avoir été développé pour la première fois dans son étude classique sur La Grande Peur de 1789 parue en 1932. Selon Lefebvre, à l’origine du mouvement de panique de juillet-août 1789 se trouve la croyance, largement répandue, à une machination secrètement élaborée par la noblesse pour soudoyer des brigands, afin de détruire les récol..

VlincRNAs controlled by retroviral elements are a hallmark of pluripotency and cancer

Background The function of the non-coding portion of the human genome remains one of the most important questions of our time. Its vast complexity is exemplified by the recent identification of an unusual and notable component of the transcriptome - very long intergenic non-coding RNAs, termed vlincRNAs. Results Here we identify 2,147 vlincRNAs covering 10 percent of our genome. We show they are present not only in cancerous cells, but also in primary cells and normal human tissues, and are controlled by canonical promoters. Furthermore, vlincRNA promoters frequently originate from within endogenous retroviral sequences. Strikingly, the number of vlincRNAs expressed from endogenous retroviral promoters strongly correlates with pluripotency or the degree of malignant transformation. These results suggest a previously unknown connection between the pluripotent state and cancer via retroviral repeat-driven expression of vlincRNAs. Finally, we show that vlincRNAs can be syntenically conserved in humans and mouse and their depletion using RNAi can cause apoptosis in cancerous cells. Conclusions These intriguing observations suggest that vlincRNAs could create a framework that combines many existing short ESTs and lincRNAs into a landscape of very long transcripts functioning in the regulation of gene expression in the nucleus. Certain types of vlincRNAs participate at specific stages of normal development and, based on analysis of a limited set of cancerous and primary cell lines, they appear to be co-opted by cancer-associated transcriptional programs. This provides additional understanding of transcriptome regulation during the malignant state, and could lead to additional targets and options for its reversal

Intronic RNAs constitute the major fraction of the non-coding RNA in mammalian cells

Background The function of RNA from the non-coding (the so called “dark matter”) regions of the genome has been a subject of considerable recent debate. Perhaps the most controversy is regarding the function of RNAs found in introns of annotated transcripts, where most of the reads that map outside of exons are usually found. However, it has been reported that the levels of RNA in introns are minor relative to those of the corresponding exons, and that changes in the levels of intronic RNAs correlate tightly with that of adjacent exons. This would suggest that RNAs produced from the vast expanse of intronic space are just pieces of pre-mRNAs or excised introns en route to degradation. Results We present data that challenges the notion that intronic RNAs are mere by-standers in the cell. By performing a highly quantitative RNAseq analysis of transcriptome changes during an inflammation time course, we show that intronic RNAs have a number of features that would be expected from functional, standalone RNA species. We show that there are thousands of introns in the mouse genome that generate RNAs whose overall abundance, which changes throughout the inflammation timecourse, and other properties suggest that they function in yet unknown ways. Conclusions So far, the focus of non-coding RNA discovery has shied away from intronic regions as those were believed to simply encode parts of pre-mRNAs. Results presented here suggest a very different situation – the sequences encoded in the introns appear to harbor a yet unexplored reservoir of novel, functional RNAs. As such, they should not be ignored in surveys of functional transcripts or other genomic studies

Le recrutement du clergé dans le diocèse de Gap au XVIIIe siècle

Tackett Timothy, Tackett-Aubert Catherine. Le recrutement du clergé dans le diocèse de Gap au XVIIIe siècle. In: Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, tome 20 N°4, Octobre-décembre 1973. pp. 497-522

Michael P. Fitzsimmons, The Night the Old Regime Ended : August 4, 1789, and the French Revolution

Tackett Timothy. Michael P. Fitzsimmons, The Night the Old Regime Ended : August 4, 1789, and the French Revolution. In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n°334, 2003. pp. 183-184

Use of the cahiers de doléances of 1789 for the analysis of regional attitudes

Timothy Tackett, Use of the "cahiers de doléances" of 1789 for the analysis of regional attitudes, p. 27-46. Though the cahiers de doléances of 1789 have frequently been used by historians for assessments of general "public opinion" in France on the eve of the Revolution, this article explores the possible use of these documents for the study of regional differences in French attitudes. Of the various kinds of cahiers, it seems likely that the " general " cahiers of the Third Estate were relatively more homogeneous in their composition, representing above all the views and agendas of the urban commoner notables. As a test case, these cahiers are used to analyze attitudes towards religion in the various regions of the kingdom. The analysis reveals some surprisingly cohesive and coherent patterns of regional dif- (p.t.o.) ferences, strengthening the validity of the method and suggesting the existence of a tripartite division in religious attitudes prior to the Revolution.Tackett Timothy. Use of the cahiers de doléances of 1789 for the analysis of regional attitudes. In: Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Italie et Méditerranée, tome 103, n°1. 1991. pp. 27-46

Le clergé de l'archidiocèse d'Embrun à la fin de l'Ancien Régime

Im 18. Jahrhundert, als es in den meisten Diözesen an Nachwuchs fehlte, erwies sich die Alpen-Diözese Embrun als Planzstätte und Sammelbecken für Priester und Mönche. Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Art und Weise ihrer Anwerbung, ihrer sozialen Herkunft und ihrer Laufbahn. Er stellt sie Frage nach der Ursache dieser Neigung zu kirchlichen Berufen : Ist sie auf die in diesem Bergland oft echte Frömmigkeit zuruckzuführen oder auf wirtschaftliche Umstände und demographischen Druck ?Духовенство эпархии Эмброна к концу Старого Режима. В 18-ом веке пополнение церковнослужителей иссяка* ет в большинстве эпархий, в то время как альпийская эпархия Эмброна утверждает свое призвание - быть рассадником и резервом священников и монахов" Автор изучает их набор, их социальное происхождение, развитие их кариеры. Он ставит вопрос о доле набожности ( живучей в этих горах ) и доле экономического и демографического давления в количестве этих призваний.Contrary to most 18th Century dioceses, where the recruitment of the Clergy dried up, that of Embrun, in the Alps, remained an abundant well of new priests, monks and friars. How were they recruited ? From among which social categories ? To what extent can this fact be explained by a spontaneous piety (strong as it was in this mountainous area) ? Or by the pressure of the economic and demographic difficulties ? Such are some of the problems studied by the author.Au XVIIIe siècle, alors que le recrutement ecclésiastique se tarit dans la majorité des diocèses, le diocèse alpin d'Embrun confirme sa place de pépinière et de réservoir de prêtres et de religieux. L'auteur étudie le recrutement de ceux-ci, leurs origines sociales, le déroulement de leur carrière. Il s'interroge sur la part de la piété (vivace en ces montagnes) et de la pression économique ou démographique dans ce courant de vocations.Tackett Timothy. Le clergé de l'archidiocèse d'Embrun à la fin de l'Ancien Régime. In: Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 88, N°127, 1976. pp. 177-197