10 research outputs found

    Influence of Tribological Parameters on the Railway Wheel Derailment

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    At present, Nadalโ€™s formula is used for prediction of derailment that contains a limited number of parameters. Besides, insufficient study of laws of variation of the noted parameters and ignorance of the influence of other parameters on the derailment complicate solution of the problem. The sliding distance and the relative sliding velocity are the most sensitive factors contributing to the destruction of the third body. Moreover, increased friction coefficient between the steering surfaces of the wheel and rail promotes climbing of a wheel on the rail and derailment. Dependences of the main parameters, influencing the destruction of the third body, the sliding distance and the relative sliding velocity on the rail track curvature, and difference of diameters of wheels of the wheelset and the non-roundness of one of the wheels of the wheelset are shown in the work. The methods for estimation of the third body destruction degree and consideration in Nadalโ€™s formula of the additional criterion of impossibility of the wheel rolling on the contact point of the wheel and rail steering surfaces, containing a value of this contact point advancing, which in turn depends on the angle of attack, are proposed

    A New Concept of the Mechanism of Variation of Tribological Properties of the Machine Elements Interacting Surfaces

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    The methods of estimation and prediction of tribological properties of the contact zone of interacting elements of machines are characterized by the low informativeness and accuracy that complicates provision of the proper tribological properties and hinders reliable and effective operation of machines. For obtaining more wide information about factors influencing tribological properties of the interacting surfaces, the experimental researches on the high speed (up to 70-m/s) and serial twin-disk machines were carried out. Our researches have shown that with different properties and degrees of destruction of the third body, the coefficient of friction can change up to 10 times or more, the wear rate up to 102-104 times, etc. This was the basis for a new concept of the mechanism of variation of tribological properties of interacting surfaces. The researches have shown a dependence of tribological properties of the contact zone on the properties and destruction degree of the third body that was assumed as a basis of new concept of the mechanism of variation of tribological properties of these surfaces. The monitoring of the third body destruction onset and development was carried out in the laboratory conditions and a criterion of the third body destruction was developed. The reasons of the negative, neutral and positive friction and mild, severe and catastrophic wear are shown

    On the Consent of Potential Father Regarding the Transfer or Destruction of an Embryo Formed by Extracorporeal Fertilization / แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒš แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”

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    The paper discusses the issue regarding a potential biological father when he is against the transfer of the created embryo(s) (by means of artificial fertilization), before having the embryo transferred into the body of a surrogate mother, and/or when he requests the medical facility to destruct the embryo(s), but the potential biological mother is willing to carry out the above-mentioned transfer.In this case any action from the medical facility is facing a certain legal gap, as far as the embryo(s) has (have) already been created, and a written consent of both potential parents (parties of the agreement) is necessary for their destruction. Besides, the written consent is also necessary for the transfer of embryo(s) into the body of a surrogateย mother. What should a medical facility and/or a court do in such and/or similar legal situation?The paper addresses the above-mentioned issues, and the discussion is taking place in the light of philosophy, law, medicine and bioethics, and guiding proposals are offered for the subjects involved in the disputable issue(s). The discussion and applicability of reached conclusions are not limited to any particular country, and they can be applied to various countries worldwide, and may represent a source of formation of a future positive law.แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ(แƒ”แƒ‘) แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒก (แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ) แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”, แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒœ/แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ”-แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒœ(แƒ”แƒ‘)แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒก แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒฃแƒ›แƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ(แƒ”แƒ‘)แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก (แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก) แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ(แƒ”แƒ‘)แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒœ/แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒแƒœ/แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜? แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒคแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎ(แƒ”แƒ‘)แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒœแƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ” แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ›แƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒ

    On Several Important Issues on Legal Personality / แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒšแƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒฃแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘

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    This arti cle aims at identi fying problemati c issues, which the current legislati on of Georgia is silent about. These are the issues that are acti vely discussed throughout the world and today it represents the subjectof modern legal-bioethical studies.The goal of this paper is to exactly identi fy each of these issues so that to conti nue further research on the problemati c issues raised in the arti cle, and to fi nd the ways of resolving them from the legal standpoint, which will be refl ected in the eff ecti ve legislati on, and break the silence in the legislati on and address intentional or unintenti onal ignorance regarding the signifi cance of these issues.Main purpose of the law is to protect the rights of a human being, as a supreme good, its life and other legal rights, and to support realizati on of these rights. A human being is the main subject of legal relati ons, and the law would not exist without it. Legal personality is ะฐ foundati on that represents the grounds for existence, protecti on and/or realizati on of the rights.It is impossible to develop a solid doctrinal concepti on and then to realize it without answering the questi ons that are open in regard to this issue.This arti cle identi fi es the issues that are currently of paramount significance not only in Georgia, but also in the developed world, which necessitate providing valid, reasoned and ti mely answers to the following questi ons:Who/what is the subject of law, and from which moment (the problem of determining the moment of birth of a human being)? What is the legal status of an embryo? From when is the ferti lized egg considered to be an embryo? What problems does the absence of Donors Registry create? Is it possible to destroy the ferti lized eggs without the consent of persons donati ng the egg and the sperm? Is it possible to transfer the ferti lized egg without the consent of the egg and/or sperm donor? What is the legal status of conjoinedย twins? What is the legal status of a bigender person? What is gender from the legal standpoint?This is an incomplete list of those issues, part of which will be identified in this article, hoping that the scientific, in-depth and comprehensive research of these important issues will start in Georgia too.แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒฃแƒ›แƒก. แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ—แƒ แƒฌแƒ แƒ” แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒš แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•-แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒก.แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒฃแƒกแƒข แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ-แƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒกย แƒฐแƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ แƒแƒฎ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ” แƒฃแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒแƒคแƒแƒก.แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฃแƒ–แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒก,ย แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ”แƒช แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒšแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒšแƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ”แƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒœ/แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ.แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” แƒ›แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒžแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.ย แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฃแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒย แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒš แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”:แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœ/แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ (แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ)? แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒกแƒ˜? แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒฏแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ“? แƒ แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ? แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒฏแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ—แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒฏแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ”? แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒฏแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒฏแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ/แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ”? แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒงแƒฃแƒžแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒกแƒ˜? แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒฅแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒกแƒ˜? แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฅแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—?แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ› แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ—แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ, แƒกแƒ˜แƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ

    LEGAL ASPECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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    Climate Change is one of the major challenges humanity is facing. It can fundamentally impact our reality, lifestyle and could question our existence as well. Adequate legal regulations are needed to address these challenges. Without legislative changes and their implementation, it will be impossible to solve the issues that humanity is facing. The paper describes major causes that lead to climate change and answers to the questions related to the ongoing and future legal regulation

    Loading and damageability of wheels and rails

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    Friction, rolling resistance and durability of rails and wheels at operation, belong to a number of the most important problems of railway transportation because they have strong impact on derailment, energy consumption and restorative maintenance. Various aspects of these problems are insufficiently investigated, have only partial solution. The sources of creep and slipping of a wheel on a rail and ways of its reduction are specified in the work. These approaches alongside with the traditional methods (lubrication, radial steering bogie, etc.) will ensure the reduction both the power and the thermal loading of the contact zone and wear rate of rails and wheels
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