Law and World (E-Journal) / แกแแแแ แแแแ แแ แแกแแคแแแ
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Discussion Of The Several Problematic Issues During The Building Leasehold Termination / แแฆแแแแแแแก แฃแคแแแแแก แแฆแแแแแแแก แฃแคแแแแแก แจแแฌแงแแแขแแกแแก แฌแแ แแแจแแแแแ แจแแฌแงแแแขแแกแแก แฌแแ แแแจแแแแแ แ แแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแฃแ แ แกแแแแแฎแแก แแแแแฎแแแแ
oai:ojs.journal.lawandworld.ge:article/152Super๏ฌcies allows a person to erect a structure on the plot of land according to his will without obtaining the property right of the plot of land, on account of which the importance of this institute in a market economy is increasing every day. The provisions regulating the right of super๏ฌcies are found in the Civil Code of Georgia and allow different and multiple interpretations that give rise to certain problems in practice. The situation is complicated by the fact that neither the competent registration authority nor the court has rich case-law dealing with the issues of termination of the right of super๏ฌcies that makes it even more dif๏ฌ cult to make a comprehensive analysis and to understand the institute of super๏ฌcies. By the close cooperation with the National Agency of Public Registry, we have studied the procedures that the registration authority follows regarding the origin and termination of super๏ฌcies. The present article discusses kinds of legal issues arising after termination of super๏ฌcies such as - transformation of the mortgage by which the super๏ฌcies is mortgaged, origin of the right to claim an appropriate compensation for the structure erected on the plot of land in case of non-gratuitous super๏ฌcies, its replacing order and the place of the right of super๏ฌ cities in the Public Register, as well as the legal positions (order of precedence) of the compensation claims of pledges. The author also discusses conditions for the registration and order of precedence of compensation claims relating to structures erected under super๏ฌcies, the transformation of the mortgage into a pledge and its consequences, and the possibility to mortgage structures erected under super๏ฌcies. This is the list of the issues on which there is no uniform opinion in legal literature, with some of them even being disregarded by certain scholars
New Considerations on The Sino-European Relation, From The Pelations, From The Perspective of The Global Balance of Power. The Mirage of The Silk Road
The world today is a mess, there is no doubt about it. But probably this is also how the contemporaries of other historical ti mes saw their present. We could rather say that the internati onal order is diffi cult to predict at the beginning of a century which is already dominated by very confusing moves and combinati ons. Using the authorโs own means of research and observati on (fi eld research, the percepti on of reality from the perspecti ve of the study of history, and a compared dimension), this arti cle wishes to shed some light on a part of the role played by the European Union in the internati onal policy under the circumstances of the fast transformati ons suff ered by the global economic andsecurity environment. The strategic relati on with China is worth discussing at several levels (depending on the various categories of interests); our considerati ons about the course of the strategic partnership between the two powers andabout the current evoluti ons of the internati onal scene try to provide only some necessary benchmarks for an overall understanding of this diplomati c closeness.The United States and Russia are global phenomena with complex, eventful trajectories and a direct impact on modern universal history. Having emerged on the internati onal arena approximately at the same ti me, the evoluti onย of the European Union and China (the name Zhลngguรณ means the Middle Kingdom) is not refl ected in the adopti on or appropriation of the features of the old dualist model generated by the two ideologically opposing groups, the West and the East. They both try specifi c governing and extension formulas: the first chooses the road of the European integrati on and thus stands out in the classical landscape of intergovernmental cooperati on and transnati onal dialogue between the states and the second counts on the advantages of its physical architecture which generates prosperity, to make its presence felt on the global scene. Last but not least, the arti cle wishes to bring forward, within a certain contextualย framework, those essenti al elements of civilisati on which provide an easier understanding of the surrounding political and economic realities, advancing new reflection leads
Criminological Views on Fairness and Justice / แแ แแแแแแแแแแฃแ แ แจแแฎแแแฃแแแแแแ แกแแแแ แแแแแแแแแกแ แแ แกแแแแ แแแแแ
Scientific viewpoint, which is based on law andย justice, constitutes a significant category of criminological thinking. The science of criminology should heavily influence the process of formation of these definitions. From a criminological point of view, law and justice by implication have the same meaning, while justice should serve as basis for law, since in the past it was used specifically under such meaning. The complexity of the matter also derives from the fact that in various disciplines of science - theology, jurisprudence, philosophy, sociology and psychology - numerous opinions exist with regard to these definitions. A standpoint recognized in criminology that every human by nature, without exception, is inclined to a commission of crime,does not prevent the provision stating that law should be based on justice from being true, due to the fact that it is an inseparable trait of a human to be a criminal. Thus, rules and principles of justice are established, followed by the establishment of law.It is impossible to examine all opinions regardinglawย that were made in all times and era in the article, thus, we shall discuss, in our opinion, the best definition of law in accordance to which law is โa reasonable and moral mean of regulating public lifeโ. In Georgia to bring norms of justice and law closer performance of new legal activities on the basis of criminological expertise is necessary, which should change the existing law on the basis of the principle of justice. The main function of the latest will be conduction of criminological expertise of draft laws. All of the above-mentioned shall allow to approach a superior state and public goal โ โGeorgia without crimeโ
Inconsistance of Criminalising Drug Consumption to Criminal Law Principles / แแแ แแแขแแแฃแแ แกแแจแฃแแแแแแแแก แแแฎแแแ แแแแก แแ แแแแแแแแแแชแแแก แจแแฃแกแแแแแแแ แกแแกแฎแแแก แกแแแแ แแแแก แแ แแแชแแแแแแแ
This article discusses the legitimacy of criminalizing drug consumption from the perspective of criminal law principles. It supports the idea of decriminalizing consumption of drugs, as far as this action does not reach the threshold of extraordinary dangerous social activity, necessary for certain action to qualify as crime. This standard is not met predominantly because drug addicts or mere consumers do not violate any legal interest of other persons or society that can be object of criminal law protection. The act of drug consumption is directed solely against the consumer itself, hence, falls short to be determined as action threatening legal interests of others. The abstract danger of possible commission of other crimes (mainly economic or transport related) in the future is not sufficient for establishing necessary preconditions of criminal liability, such as: action or danger that is directed to inducing instant results, causality between drug consumption and hypothetical commission of crime in the future, existence of simultaneous intention. Establishment of criminal liability for drug consumption cannot be justified by violation of moral rules of society or by serving a symbolic meaning either. The Fighting against drug consumption through criminal justice is further inappropriate due to the aims of criminal sanctions โ restoration of justice, prevention of crime and resocialization of offender cannot be achieved by holding drug addict, who needs nothing more than appropriate treatment
General Legal Overview On The System Of Private Prisons / แแแ แซแ แชแแฎแแแแแก แกแแกแขแแแแก แแแแแ แกแแแแ แแแแแ แแแ แแแแแฎแแแแ
The research includes a general description of the private prison system. There are reviewed main points on private prisons and the necessity of this system. The research includes detailed characterizing of models and experience of various countries. There is also presented comparative legal analysis in this field. The research includes analyzing of advantages and disadvantages of the private prison system. There is also given, authorโs recommendations on implementing the system in Georgia and recommendations for improving criminal law policy
On the Consent of Potential Father Regarding the Transfer or Destruction of an Embryo Formed by Extracorporeal Fertilization / แแแขแแแชแแฃแ แ แแแแแก แแแแฎแแแแแก แกแแแแแฎแ แแฅแกแขแ แแแแ แแแ แแแฃแ แ แแแแแงแแคแแแ แแแแ แจแแฅแแแแ แแแแ แแแแแก แขแ แแแกแคแแ แแ แแ แแแก แแแแแแแฃแ แแแแแ
The paper discusses the issue regarding a potential biological father when he is against the transfer of the created embryo(s) (by means of artificial fertilization), before having the embryo transferred into the body of a surrogate mother, and/or when he requests the medical facility to destruct the embryo(s), but the potential biological mother is willing to carry out the above-mentioned transfer.In this case any action from the medical facility is facing a certain legal gap, as far as the embryo(s) has (have) already been created, and a written consent of both potential parents (parties of the agreement) is necessary for their destruction. Besides, the written consent is also necessary for the transfer of embryo(s) into the body of a surrogateย mother. What should a medical facility and/or a court do in such and/or similar legal situation?The paper addresses the above-mentioned issues, and the discussion is taking place in the light of philosophy, law, medicine and bioethics, and guiding proposals are offered for the subjects involved in the disputable issue(s). The discussion and applicability of reached conclusions are not limited to any particular country, and they can be applied to various countries worldwide, and may represent a source of formation of a future positive law.แแแจแ แแแจแ แแแแฎแแแฃแแแ แกแแแแแฎแ, แ แแแแกแแช แแแแ แแแ(แแ) แแก แจแแฅแแแแก (แฎแแแแแแฃแ แ แแแแแงแแคแแแ แแแ) แจแแแแแ, แกแฃแ แแแแขแ แแแแแก แกแฎแแฃแแจแ แแแแ แแแแแก แขแ แแแกแคแแ แแก แแแแฎแแ แชแแแแแแแแแ, แแแขแแแชแแฃแ แ แแแแแแแแฃแ แ แแแแ แฃแแ แก แแแแแแก แขแ แแแกแคแแ แแก แแแแฎแแ แชแแแแแแแแ แแ/แแ แแแแแฎแแแก แกแแแแแแชแแแ แแแฌแแกแ-แแฃแแแแแกแแแ แแแแแ แแ(แแ)แแก แแแแแแแฃแ แแแแก, แฎแแแ แแแขแแแชแแฃแ แแแแแแแแฃแ แแแแแก แกแฃแ แก แแแแแฎแกแแแแแฃแแ แขแ แแแกแคแแ แแก แแแแฎแแ แชแแแแแแ.แแกแแ แแ แแก แกแแแแแแชแแแ แแแฌแแกแแแฃแแแแแก แแฎแ แแแแ แแแแแกแแแแ แ แฅแแแแแแแก แแแแฎแแ แชแแแแแแ แแฌแงแแแแ แแแ แแแแฃแ แกแแแแ แแแแแ แแแ แแแแฃแฃแแก, แแแแแแแแ แฃแแแ แจแแฅแแแแแแ แแแแ แแแ(แแ)แ, แแแแ แแแแแแแฃแ แแแแกแแแแแก แแ แแฃแชแแแแแแแแ แแ แแแ แแแขแแแชแแฃแ แ แแจแแแแแก (แฎแแแจแแแ แฃแแแแแก แแฎแแ แแก) แฌแแ แแแแแแแ แแแแฎแแแแ. แแกแแแ, แแฃแชแแแแแแแแ แฌแแ แแแแแแแ แแแแฎแแแแ แแแแ แแแ(แแ)แแก แขแ แแแกแคแแ แแ แกแฃแ แแแแขแ แแแแแก แกแฎแแฃแแจแ. แ แแแแ แฃแแแ แแแแฅแชแแก แกแแแแแแชแแแ แแแฌแแกแแแฃแแแแ แแ/แแ แกแแกแแแแ แแแ แแกแแ แแ/แแ แแกแแแแก แกแแแแ แแแแแ แแ แกแแขแฃแแชแแแแจแ? แแแจแ แแแจแ แแแแฎแแแฃแแแ แแแแแฎแกแแแแแฃแแ แจแแแแฎแแแแแแ, แแกแฏแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแแแก แคแ แแ แกแแคแแแก, แกแแแแ แแแแก, แแแแแชแแแ แกแ แแ แแแแแแแแแก แญแ แแแจแ แแ แจแแแแแแแ แแแแฃแแแ แกแแฎแแแแซแฆแแแแแแ แฌแแแ แแแแแแแแ แกแแแแแ แกแแแแแฎ(แแ)แจแ แแ แแ แฌแแแ แกแฃแแแแฅแขแแแแกแแแแแก. แแกแฏแแแแแ แแ แแแฆแแแฃแแ แแแกแแแแแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแก แจแแกแ แซแแแแแแแ แแ แจแแแแแคแแ แแแแแ แ แแแ แแแแ แแ แแ แแแแแ แแขแฃแแ แฅแแแงแแแก แแแกแจแขแแแแ. แแแ แจแแแซแแแแ แแแแแแงแแแแก แแแแแแแแ แแแ แแกแแคแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แฅแแแงแแแแ แแ แจแแกแแซแแแ แฌแแ แแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแ แแแแแขแแฃแ แ แกแแแแ แแแแก แคแแ แแแ แแแแก แฌแงแแ แ
For Fair Justice / แกแแแแ แแแแแแ แแแ แแแแกแแฏแฃแแแแแกแแแแแก
The article discusses todayโs organizational and procedural problems of investigation. We have presented our concrete proposals for their resolution, in particular: we tried to show the role of criminology in opening and investigation of crime and its advantages in comparison with covert operative - investigative activities.We discussed the problems, on the basis of current Criminal Procedure Law, in connection with investigation and the investigatorโs human rights situation, expressed opinions regarding the restoration of the investigation institute.We expressed our attitude toward the decision of government about restoration of justice. We expressed our opinions regarding the procedural agreement and the illegal judgments
Validity Requirements of Arbitration Agreement under Case Law of Supreme Court of Georgia / แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แจแแแแแฎแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแแก แฌแแแแแแ แแแแแ แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแก แฃแแแแแแกแ แกแแกแแแแ แแแแก แแ แแฅแขแแแแก แแแฎแแแแแ
The Supreme Court is in charge of recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral awards.1 Although Georgia is the arbitration friendly forum as it is the UNCITRAL Model Law country on International Commercial Arbitration (the Model Law) and it is the contracting state to the New York Convention, the interpretations made by the Supreme Court is not fully consistent with the Model Law and the New York Convention. One of the frequently citied grounds for refusal to recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award is the invalidity of the arbitration agreement under Article V.1.a of the New York Convention. Recent judgment dated on August 26, 2016 once again affi rmed the Supreme Courtโs controversial reasoning on the issue.3 The Supreme Courtโs approach on the interpretation of validity of the arbitration agreement may jeopardize the enforcement of the foreign arbitral awards as well as call into question the smooth operation of the domestic arbitration cases.แกแแแ แแแจแแ แแกแ แแแแแ แชแแฃแแ แแ แแแขแ แแแแก แฅแแแแฃแแฎแแแก แฌแแ แแแแแแแแก แจแแแแแฎแแแแ, แ แแแแแก แแแฎแแแแแแแช แแฎแแ แแแแ แแฆแแแแ แแแแแแแฃแแแแแก แแแ แจแแ แแก แฌแแ แแแจแแแแแ แแแแ แแแแแกแชแแ แแแกแขแแขแฃแชแแฃแ แแ ad hoc แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แขแ แแแฃแแแแก. แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แจแแแแแฎแแแแ แแ แแก แขแ แแแฃแแแแแก แจแแฅแแแแกแ แแ แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แแแแแฌแงแแแขแแแแแแก แแแฆแแแแก แแแ แแแแ แแแแแฏแ. แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แจแแแแแฎแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแ แแแ แแแแ แแแแจแแแแแแแแ แ แแแก แแกแ แฃแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแฃแ แแกแแแฅแชแแแจแ แกแ แแ แแแขแ แแแ แแแแแฌแงแแแขแแแแแแก แแฆแกแ แฃแแแแแก แแ แแก. แฃแชแฎแ แฅแแแงแแแก แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แแแแแฌแงแแแขแแแแแแแแก แชแแ แแแกแ แแ แแฆแกแ แฃแแแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ แแแฃ แแแ แแแก 1958 แฌแแแก แแแแแแ แชแแแก V.1.แแแฃแฎแแ แแแแกแแแฆแแ แแแก, แ แแ แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แแแแแฌแงแแแขแแแแแแก แแฆแกแ แฃแแแแแแ แฃแแ แ แแแกแแจแแแแแ แแฃ โแแ-2 แแฃแฎแแจแ แแแแแแแแฃแแ แจแแแแแฎแแแแแก แแฎแแ แแแแ, แแแ แแแแแ แ แแแฅแแแแ แแแแแแแก แแแฎแแแแแ, แฅแแแแฃแฃแแแ แแแ แแงแแแแ, แแ แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แจแแแแแฎแแแแ แแแแแแแ แแ แกแแแแ แแแแก แแแฎแแแแแ, แ แแแแแกแแช แแฎแแ แแแแแ แแก แจแแแแแฎแแแแ แแแฃแฅแแแแแแแแ แแก, แฎแแแ แแกแแแ แแแแแแแแแก แแ แแ แกแแแแแแกแแก, แแ แฅแแแงแแแก แแแแแแแแแแแแแแก แแแฎแแแแแ, แกแแแแช แแแแแขแแแแแ แแฅแแ แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แแแแแฌแงแแแขแแแแแ.โ แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแก แฃแแแแแแกแ แกแแกแแแแ แแแแก แแ แแฅแขแแแแก แแแฎแแแแแ แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แจแแแแแฎแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแฃแแแ แแ แคแแฅแขแแ แแฃ แ แแแแแแแ แฃแแแแแแก แจแแแแแฎแแแแ แแแแแ แแขแฃแ แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แแแกแขแแขแฃแขแแ. แแฆแแแจแแฃแแ แแแแแแแ แแ แจแแแกแแแแแแแ แแ แแแขแ แแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแก แแแแแแก แแ แแแฃ แแ แแแก แแแแแแแชแแแก. แฌแแแแแแแแแ แ แกแขแแขแแแก แแแแแแแ แฃแแแแแแกแ แกแแกแแแแ แแแแก แแ แแฅแขแแแแก แแ แแขแแแฃแแ แแแแแแแ แแแฃ แแแ แแแก แแแแแแแชแแแ แแแแแแแแกแฌแแแแแฃแแ แกแแแ แแแขแ แแแ แจแแแแแฎแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแแก แฌแแแแแแ แแแแแแก แแแฎแแแแแ
What Does The Law Establish? / แ แ แแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแ?
In this paper it is discussed Article 33โaโ of Georgian law onโProsecution Servicesโ in accordance of which convicted person can not be employed at prosecutorโs offi ce. Following to the authorโs opinion, this imperative requirement is related to presumption of conviction and has no connection with either removal or annulment of conviction as it is envisaged in criminal law
Rape, as a Sexual Offence Committed Using Violence / แแแฃแแแขแแฃแ แแแ, แ แแแแ แช แซแแแแแแแแ แฉแแแแแแแ แกแฅแแกแแแ แแแ แแแแแจแแฃแแ
The issue discussed in the paper is interesting as it is related to the new content of rape, as the sexual offence committed using violence, offered by the draft amendment to the Criminal Code of Georgia submitted to the Parliament of Georgia.Whilst under applicable legislation the rape means sexual contactย with people of opposite sex and sexual violence between the peopleย of the same sex is considered as a violent act of sexual nature and is mentioned by such discriminative terms, as homosexuality, lesbianism or other sexual intercourse in perverted form, after adoption and entry into force of these amendments, the rape shall be considered as any type of sexual penetration using a part of the body or an item, committed using violence, under the threat of the immediate use of violenceย or abusing the victimโs helpless condition.This amendment will actually be the basis for new level in the fieldย of scientifi c research of sexual offences committed using violence, which, at certain extent, is a type of comment to new progressive contentย of rape provided in the draft amendments, which enable this section of the law to be improved prior to its adoption taking into accountย the best practice of European countries, and signs of rape to be distinguished from other types of sexual penetration, which may become valuable material for practicing lawyers and students of law schools interested in this topic