13 research outputs found
Branched-chain amino acids for growing cattle limit-fed diets based on soybean hulls
This study evaluated the effects of
branched-chain amino acids on nitrogen
retention and plasma branched-chain amino
acid concentrations. Five ruminally cannulated
Holstein steers (387 lb) were used in a
5 Ă— 5 Latin square. Steers were limit-fed
soybean hull-based diets twice daily (7.5
lb/day, as fed basis). Energy in the form of
acetate (400 grams/day) was continuously
infused into the rumen. Treatments were
continuous abomasal infusions of 1) 115
grams/day of a mixture of 10 amino acids, 2)
10 amino acid mix with leucine removed, 3)
10 amino acid mix with isoleucine removed,
4) 10 amino acid mix with valine removed,
and 5) 10 amino acid mix with all three
branched-chain amino acids removed. Nitrogen
retention decreased (P<0.06) in response
to removal of leucine, valine, or all three
branched-chain amino acids. Changes in
nitrogen balance of growing cattle limit-fed
soybean hull-based diets demonstrate limitations
in the basal supply of leucine and
valine, but not isoleucine
Soybean hulls and alfalfa for limit-fed cattle
We evaluated the optimal level of alfalfa
inclusion in limit-fed, soybean hull-based
diets. Steers were fed soybean hull-based
diets containing 0 to 30% alfalfa or alfalfa
alone. Feed intakes were lower for alfalfa
than for soybean hull-based diets.
Digestibilities of dry matter and neutral
detergent fiber were lower (P<0.05) for
alfalfa than for diets containing soybean
hulls. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber
digestibilities were similar for different
levels of alfalfa in diets containing soybean
hulls, although there were positive associative
effects between soybean hulls and alfalfa.
Rates of liquid passage from the rumen
were higher for alfalfa than for soybean
hull-containing diets, and increased as alfalfa
was added to the soybean hull diets. Solid
passage rates also increased with increasing
amounts of alfalfa in soybean hull-containing
diets. Adding 30% alfalfa to primarily soybean
hull diets led to positive associative
effects on diet digestibility, but alfalfa additions
increased liquid and solid passage rates,
suggesting that the benefit was not a result of
slower passage of soybean hulls from the
rumen
Effects of nonprotein nitrogen source in blocks on rumen parameters of steers fed prairie hay
Six ruminally cannulated steers (1012 lb)
were fed prairie hay ad libitum supplemented
with cooked molasses blocks that contained
either 60% crude protein 83% of which came
from urea (UREA block) or 60% crude protein
with 42% from urea and 42% from biuret
(UREA/BIURET block). Blocks were broken
into small pieces to facilitate consumption and
were fed once daily at .125% of body weight.
Rumen samples were collected on days 3, 7,
14, and 21 at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 hours
after feeding blocks. Averaged over time,
ruminal ammonia and total volatile fatty acid
concentrations and plasma urea concentrations
were lower (P<.05) for steers fed the UREA/-
BIURET block than for those fed the UREA
block. Acetate and propionate concentrations
followed patterns similar to those of total volatile
fatty acids, whereas butyrate increased rapidly
after block consumption. Release of ammonia
from biuret was not demonstrated clearly.
Ruminal ammonia concentrations were no
greater with the UREA/BIURET block at times
distant from feeding than with the UREA block
Improving the utilization of soybean hulls by cattle with digestive enzyme and dietary buffer supplementation
Four ruminally cannulated Holstein
steers (749 lb) were used in a 4 Ă— 4 Latin
square experiment to evaluate the benefits
of supplementing digestive enzymes and
dietary buffers to a soybean hull-based diet
fed to steers once daily at 15.4 lb/day (as
fed basis). Treatments were arranged as a
2 Ă— 2 factorial with factors being two levels
(0 and 3 grams/day) of digestive enzymes
and two levels (0 and 93 grams/day) of
dietary buffers. Buffers and enzymes were
thoroughly mixed with the soybean hull-based
diet to provide a completely mixed
ration. Digestive enzyme or buffer
supplementation increased (P≤0.06) diet
digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter,
neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent
fiber. Addition of buffer also increased
(P≤0.06) digestibilities of glucose,
mannose, arabinose, xylose and galactose,
whereas enzyme supplementation increased
(P=0.03) xylose digestibilities and tended
to increase (P=0.10) arabinose
digestibilities. The addition of enzymes
and buffer to the soybean hull-based diet
did not alter passage of liquid or solids
from the rumen and therefore cannot
account for any of the responses in
digestion. Also, ruminal pH was not
altered when steers were supplemented
with digestive enzyme and(or) buffer. The
lack of response in pH to buffer was
surprising, because the observed effect of
buffer on fiber digestibilities would have
been expected to be a result of a
moderation of the ruminal pH. Results
from this experiment demonstrated that
both digestive enzyme and buffer
supplementation improved the digestibility
of soybean hull-based diet, and responses
were greatest when both additives were
supplemented together
Effects of grain processing and lipid addition to finishing diets on cattle performance and blood constituents
Experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of grain processing and lipid source on finishing cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma concentrations of glucose, urea, and α-amino nitrogen (amino acids). Eighty yearling Hereford x Angus steers (847 lb) were fed diets containing either steam-flaked corn or dry-rolled corn, both fed with and without 4% added tallow. In a fifth diet, ground flaxseed (equivalent to 4% lipids) replaced a portion of steam-flaked corn. Diets were fed once daily for 85 days. As expected, cattle fed steam-flaked corn were more efficient than steers fed dry-rolled corn. Adding tallow had little effect on performance. Including flaxseed resulted in performance similar to that with tallow addition. Plasma glucose concentrations measured 2 hours after feeding were higher for steers fed steam-flaked corn than for steers fed dry-rolled corn, and were higher for cattle fed tallow than for those fed no supplemental fat. Steers fed the flax/steam-flaked corn combination had lower plasma glucose concentrations 2 hours after feeding than those fed steam flaked corn with added
tallow (P<0.05). Steam flaking corn increased performance and elevated glucose
concentrations compared to dry rolling,
suggesting that increasing the ruminal
degradable starch allowed for a greater supply of substrates for gluconeogenesis. Adding flaxseed resulted in lower levels of plasma glucose after feeding, compared to tallow
Performance of beef heifers limit-fed growing diets containing alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed
Three hundred thirty-nine crossbred beef
heifers were used in a 99-day growing study
to identify optimum combinations of alfalfa
hay and wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) in
limit-fed growing diets. Diets contained 10,
20, or 30% ground alfalfa hay, and 0, 40, or
68% Sweet Bran® WCGF (dry basis) in a 3 ×
3 factorial arrangement of treatments. An
interaction occurred (P<0.05) between level
of alfalfa hay and level of WCGF for both
average daily gain and feed efficiency.
Increasing the levels of alfalfa hay or WCGF
reduced cattle performance, with the exception
of the 30% alfalfa hay and 40% WCGF
diet, which supported average daily gains
similar (P>0.10) to diets containing 20 or
30% alfalfa hay and no WCGF. Feed efficiencies
for the 30% alfalfa hay and 40%
WCGF diet were better (P<0.05) than the
diet containing 30% alfalfa hay and no
WCGF. Dry matter intake as measured two
hours after feeding increased linearly
(P<0.01) with increasing levels of alfalfa
hay, and decreased linearly (P<0.01) with
increasing levels of WCGF. This study
suggests that including WCGF at 40% of the
diet (dry basis) can effectively replace
steam-flaked corn in limit-fed diets containing
20 or 30% alfalfa hay
Influence of rubber pads on vibration levels and structural behavior of subway tunnels
The principal aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of rubber pad systems on levels of vibrations and values of stresses and deformations induced in the subway tunnel segments. Thus, the 3D model has been selected to be isotropically simulated in the ANSYS program to conduct a finite element analysis. Therefore, the proposed track system in the tunnel of line 4 of the Greater Cairo Metro has been selected as an analytical and simulation case study. The impact of using eight different values for the stiffness of the rubber pad system in the case of a single tunnel has been analyzed. The results showed that levels of vibrations are significantly affected and are in logarithmic correlation with the stiffness. Also, the impact of the stiffness on the deformations and stresses are determined as well as mathematical models connecting the different parameters have been introduced
Effects of wet corn gluten feed and intake level on diet digestibility and rumen passage rate in steers
Including 40% wet corn gluten feed
(WCGF) in the diet increased total tract
digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent
fiber (P<0.01), reduced total volatile
fatty acid concentration (P<0.01), increased
rumen NH3 concentration (P<0.01),
increased rumen pH, and tended (P<0.06) to
increase total tract digestion of starch. Furthermore,
WCGF increased rumen passage
rate of solid digesta (P<0.01) compared to
diets containing no WCGF. Limit feeding
reduced total tract digestion of organic matter
and neutral detergent fiber (P<0.01),
decreased total volatile fatty acid concentration
(P<0.01), increased rumen NH3 concentration
(P<.01), increased rumen pH at 0 and
12 hours after feeding, reduced rumen pH at
4 hours after feeding, and increased rumen
liquid passage rate (P<0.02)
Addition of urea to finishing cattle diets containing steam-flaked corn and wet corn gluten feed
Three hundred thirty-nine crossbred beef
heifers were used in a 74-day finishing study
to evaluate effects of adding 0.5% urea to
finishing diets containing steam-flaked corn
and 34% (dry basis) Sweet Bran® wet corn
gluten feed (WCGF). Diets were fed once
daily ad libitum. Urea addition tended
(P<0.06) to increase finishing average daily
gain, to improve (P<0.12) feed efficiency,
and to increase (P<0.06) fat thickness. Heifers
fed urea had a lower percentage (P<0.03)
of carcasses grading USDA Choice. This
study suggests that finishing diets containing
a combination of steam-flaked corn and
WCGF may benefit from addition of urea as
a source of supplemental ruminally available
nitrogen